325
TEST BANK
CHAPTER 12: SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE
Multiple Choice Questions
TB_12_01_Chapter Introduction_LO 12.1_APA LO 1.2
Celebrating the attainment of dating age and bar/bat mitzvah are examples of which of the following?
A) Confirmation
B) Trans-pubertal events
C) Identity rituals
D) Rites of passage
TB_12_02_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 12.1_APA LO 1.2
Which theorist saw the issues of identity and role confusion as critical to adolescent development?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Erik Erikson
C) Albert Bandura
D) Jean Piaget
TB_12_03_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 12.1_APA LO 1.2
Which of Freud’s psychosexual stages is reached in the post-pubertal years?
A) Latency
B) Genital
C) Libidinous
D) Phallic
326
TB_12_04_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 12.1_APA LO 1.2
Which of the following represents Erikson’s central crisis of adolescence?
A) Latency versus psychosexual development
B) Industry versus inferiority
C) Intimacy versus isolation
D) Identity versus role confusion
TB_12_05_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 12.1_APA LO 1.2
More recent theorists have elaborated on Erikson’s definition to include which of the following?
A) Understanding one’s unique characteristics and how they are manifested across ages, situations, and social roles
B) The application of social roles as they are manifested in one’s personality
C) The addition of morals and values to one’s identity
D) Understanding the importance of birth order to understand individual identity
TB_12_06_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 12.1_APA LO 1.2
Erikson used which of the following terms to refer to the period when an adolescent is troubled by a lack of identity?
A) Role confusion
B) Identity crisis
C) Identity search
D) Identity dispersion
TB_12_07_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 12.1_APA LO 1.2
According to Erikson, why do teenagers identify with peer groups?
A) To have opportunities to develop intimate relationships and find mates
B) To foster creativity and variety in appearance, activities, and interests
C) To have a secure base as they begin the identity development process
D) To consolidate efforts and resources as they begin to move into adult roles
327
TB_12_08_Marcia’s Theory of Identity Achievement_LO 12.2_APA LO 1.2
Marcia’s theory of adolescent identity achievement suggests that adolescent identity formation has two key parts.
What are they?
A) Confusion and resolution
B) Extrusion and inclusion
C) Crisis and commitment
D) A physical transformation; a psychosocial transition
TB_12_09_Marcia’s Theory of Identity Achievement_LO 12.2_APA LO 1.2
Which of the following is most consistent with the concept of a crisis as defined by James Marcia?
A) When Imani failed her calculus test, her parents grounded her for two weeks and imposed a requirement of two
hours of supervised study every school night until the next exam.
B) Since she was a child, Lila had planned to become a physician when she grew up. Recently, however, she has
become very interested in physics, and now she is evaluating related career options such as engineering.
C) Torrential rains in the Midwest caused major flooding, and thousands of people were displaced from their homes
and lost their possessions and livelihoods.
D) For the past two years, Juan has had thoughts of suicide, and recently he was diagnosed with depressive disorder.
TB_12_10_Marcia’s Theory of Identity Achievement_LO 12.2_APA LO 1.2
Having a personal investment in a specific role, value, goal, or ideology describes which of the following
components of Marcia’s theory?
A) Crisis
B) Commitment
C) Formal operation
D) Moratorium
TB_12_11_Marcia’s Theory of Identity Achievement_LO 12.2_APA LO 1.2
According to James Marcia, a person who has examined her values and choices, and who has committed to a
specific role, value, or ideology is in which stage of identity status?
A) Achievement
B) Diffusion
C) Foreclosure
D) Moratorium
328
TB_12_12_Marcia’s Theory of Identity Achievement_LO 12.2_APA LO 1.2
Juanita is planning to go to nursing school because her parents work at the local clinic. She has never even
considered other options. Juanita is in which stage of identity development, according to James Marcia?
A) Achievement
B) Foreclosure
C) Moratorium
D) Diffusion
TB_12_13_Marcia’s Theory of Identity Achievement_LO 12.2_APA LO 1.2
Lionel thinks he wants to be a fireman, but he is not sure. He is working with his high school career counselor to get
information about careers and college majors before he makes a decision. According to Marcia, Lionel is in which
stage of identity development?
A) Achievement
B) Foreclosure
C) Moratorium
D) Diffusion
TB_12_14_Marcia’s Theory of Identity Achievement_LO 12.2_APA LO 1.2
Ahmed does not know what he wants to do when he graduates from high school, and he is not worried about it. He
says, “That decision will take care of itself.” Marcia would say that Ahmed is in which stage of identity status?
A) Achievement
B) Foreclosure
C) Moratorium
D) Diffusion
329
TB_12_15_Marcia’s Theory of Identity Achievement_LO 12.2_APA LO 1.2
A person who has chosen an occupation without having evaluated her values and options is in which stage of
identity status, according to Marcia?
A) Achievement
B) Diffusion
C) Foreclosure
D) Moratorium
TB_12_16_Marcia’s Theory of Identity Achievement_LO 12.2_APA LO 1.2
A person who has not made a commitment to an occupation or ideology even though she has reexamined her values
and choices is which stage of identity status, according to Marcia?
A) Diffusion
B) Achievement
C) Foreclosure
D) Moratorium
TB_12_17_Marcia’s Theory of Identity Achievement_LO 12.2_APA LO 1.2
How do teens in the U.S. differ from teens in other countries when it comes to employment?
A) Teens in the U.S. spend a great deal more time working than teens in other industrialized nations.
B) Teens in the U.S. are more likely to remain dependent on their parents for financial support as they grow into
young adulthood.
C) U.S. teens work fewer total hours per week than teens in other cultures.
D) Teens in other countries are more likely to work in family-owned businesses than are U.S. teens.
TB_12_18_Marcia’s Theory of Identity Achievement_LO 12.2_APA LO 1.2
Which of the following might be an advantage of cultures that have clearly identified rites of passage into
adulthood?
A) Teenagers are able to establish a clear transition from childhood to adulthood.
B) Teenagers are able to take on careers earlier.
C) Teenagers are encouraged to make career decisions for themselves.
D) Teenagers can more easily resolve the crisis of identity confusion.
330
TB_12_19_Research Report_LO 12.2_APA LO 1.2
Which of the following statements about teenage employment is true?
A) Working in high school has been positively correlated with college success.
B) The more hours worked in high school, the more likely the teen is to be involved with drugs and alcohol.
C) Adults who worked in high school were more likely to go to college.
D) Employed high school students are less apt to argue with their parents.
TB_12_20_Research Report_LO 12.2_APA LO 1.2
Which of the following factors is credited with more positive outcomes for working high school students?
A) Positive evaluations from the employer
B) Working only 20 hours per week or less
C) Complex jobs that offer opportunities to acquire valuable job skills
D) Parental approval and emotional support
TB_12_21_Self-Understanding_LO 12.3_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following statements is true regarding teenagers as they progress through adolescence?
A) Their self-concepts become more concrete.
B) Their self-concepts are increasingly tied to their physical characteristics.
C) They increasingly define themselves in terms of enduring traits, beliefs, moral standards, or personal
philosophies.
D) They are increasingly dependent on their parents for their identity.
TB_12_22_Self-Understanding_LO 12.3_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following differentiates teenagers’ descriptions of themselves from older children’s self-descriptions?
A) Children aren’t likely to be able to describe themselves.
B) Teenagers describe themselves more in terms of physical characteristics.
C) Children describe themselves in emotional terms.
D) Teens are more likely to describe themselves in terms of what they believe or feel.
331
TB_12_23_Self-Understanding_LO 12.3_APA LO 1.1
In terms of writing skills, how do boys and girls differ?
A) Boys perceive themselves as better writers than girls.
B) Girls are likely to score higher on objective tests of writing ability.
C) Girls perceive themselves as better writers than boys.
D) Boys score higher on objective tests of writing ability.
TB_12_24_Self-Esteem_LO 12.4_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following statements is true regarding adolescent self-esteem?
A) Teens in ethnic minorities are more likely to experience a drop in self-esteem as they transition from childhood to
early adolescence compared to Caucasian teens.
B) Teens of all ethnicities in the U.S. are likely to experience a drop in self-esteem as they transition from childhood
to early adolescence.
C) Teens of all ethnicities in the U.S. are likely to experience a brief increase in self-esteem as they transition into
early adolescence.
D) White teens in the United States are more likely to experience a steady level of self-esteem as they transition
through adolescence.
TB_12_25_Gender Roles_LO 12.5_APA LO 1.1
What is the term used by developmentalists to describe the psychological aspects of the sexual self?
A) Gender role identity
B) Gender role assumptions
C) Sexual identity
D) Gender identity
332
TB_12_26_Gender Roles_LO 12.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is one of the four basic sex-role types identified by researchers?
A) Incomplete
B) Defined
C) Masculine
TB_12_27_Gender Roles_LO 12.5_APA LO 1.1
Katie is often perceived by others to be a boy because of her style of clothing, her facial characteristics, and
mannerisms. Based on this information, which of the following might be applied to Katie?
A) She is transgendered.
B) She is a lesbian.
C) She is androgynous.
D) She is a tomboy.
TB_12_28_Gender Roles_LO 12.5_APA LO 1.1
Mac is noted for baking the best cheesecake in town and is also the person everyone calls when their car won’t start.
Mac can comfort a crying child and fix a flat tire with equal competence. Mac’s gender role identity is most likely
A) transsexual.
B) undifferentiated.
C) indeterminate.
D) androgynous.
TB_12_29_Gender Roles_LO 12.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following terms would be applied to someone who is low in masculinity and femininity?
A) Androgynous
B) Undifferentiated
C) Transgendered
D) Animistic
333
TB_12_30_Ethnic Identity_LO 12.6_APA LO 1.1
The first stage of Phinney’s theory of ethnic identity is
A) a role-oriented ethnic identity.
B) an unexamined ethnic identity.
C) ethnic identity search.
D) the exploration stage.
TB_12_31_Ethnic Identity_LO 12.6_APA LO 1.1
The ethnic identity search identified by Phinney might be analogous to which of the following?
A) The transition to formal operational thought identified by Piaget
B) The crisis process described in Marcia’s theory of identity development
C) Selman’s description of the development of social relationships
D) The identity versus role confusion stage identified by Erikson
TB_12_32_Ethnic Identity_LO 12.6_APA LO 1.1
The point at which an adolescent minority individual becomes aware of how she is perceived by the majority culture
is part of which stage of Phinney’s theory of ethnic identity?
A) Ethnic identity search
B) Unexamined ethnic identity
C) Ethnic identity clarification
D) Ethnic identity achievement
TB_12_33_Ethnic Identity_LO 12.6_APA LO 1.1
Maria’s father is from Mexico and her mother is Caucasian and was born in North Dakota. Maria’s father expects
Maria to listen to traditional Mexican music, dress conservatively, and attend mass every Sunday. This would be an
example of which of the following according to Root’s research?
A) Biracial conflict
B) Establishing a biracial identity
C) Proving authenticity
D) Establishing peer acceptance
334
TB_12_34_Ethnic Identity_LO 12.6_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is one of the factors identified by Maria Root that shape a biracial ethnic identity?
A) Cultural archetypes
B) Neighborhood
C) Television
D) Religion
TB_12_35_Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning_LO 12.7_APA LO 1.1
At the preconventional stage of Kohlberg’s levels of moral development, a child’s moral reasoning is based on
which of the following?
A) Internal expectations of what is considered fair
B) The expectations of others regarding the child’s behavior
C) The outcome or consequences of an action
D) Internalized values and principles
TB_12_36_Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning_LO 12.7_APA LO 1.1
At which stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning are the standards the child uses to judge right and wrong
based on external superior sources of authority and determined by the outcome or consequences?
A) Normative reasoning
B) Preconventional morality
C) Conventional morality
D) Principled morality
335
TB_12_37_Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning_LO 12.7_APA LO 1.1
How many stages are there in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6
TB_12_38_Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning_LO 12.7_APA LO 1.1
According to Kohlberg’s theory, which stage(s) of moral reasoning are most commonly found in adolescence?
A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stages 2 & 3
D) Stages 3 & 4
TB_12_39_Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning_LO 12.7_APA LO 1.1
Ben’s friend Muhammed broke a window and consequently was punished. Ben said that Muhammed was bad
because he had been punished. This would indicate that Ben was at which level and stage of moral reasoning?
A) Preconventional morality/punishment and obedience orientation
B) Preconventional morality/conscience
C) Principled morality/social contract
D) Conventional morality/interpersonal conformity
TB_12_40_Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning_LO 12.7_APA LO 1.1
Carolina tries to behave well so that she can avoid being punished for anything. She is also polite and friendly so
that everyone will like her. Carolina is most likely at which level of moral reasoning?
A) Preconventional morality
B) Principled morality
C) Naive hedonism
D) Conventional morality
336
TB_12_41_Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning_LO 12.7_APA LO 1.1
The rules or norms of a group to which the individual belongs, such as the family, peer group, or religion, become
the basis of moral judgments during which level of Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning?
A) Conventional morality
B) Punishment and obedience orientation
C) Naive hedonism
D) Social contract orientation
TB_12_42_Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning_LO 12.7_APA LO 1.1
Mr. Smith pays his income taxes and obeys the posted speed limits because “that is the law,” he says. Mr. Smith is
most likely reasoning at which stage of moral development?
A) Punishment and obedience orientation
B) Preconventional morality
C) Post-conventional morality
D) Social system and conscience
TB_12_43_Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning_LO 12.7_APA LO 1.1
According to Kohlberg, the highest stage of moral reasoning is
A) individual rights.
B) social contract.
C) universal ethical principles.
D) mutual interpersonal expectations.
337
TB_12_44_Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning_LO 12.7_APA LO 1.1
Dr. Gardner provides his history class with a syllabus that outlines the rules and procedures the class will follow to
ensure a comfortable environment for all. Dr. Gardner emphasizes that if the rules seem unfair or cause a hardship,
he is willing to negotiate new rules. This philosophy of class management is most consistent with which stage of
Kohlberg’s moral reasoning?
A) Universal ethical principles
B) Social contract
C) Law-and-order orientation
D) Naive hedonism
TB_12_45_Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning_LO 12.7_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following statements about Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning is correct?
A) Among non-industrialized or agricultural societies, the most frequently displayed form of moral reasoning is the
universal ethical principles orientation.
B) Most researchers disagree that the stages of moral reasoning occur in the sequence Kohlberg proposed.
C) Researchers find that, in all cultures, older children engage in higher stages of moral reasoning than younger
children.
D) Conventional reasoning dominates in elementary school, and among adults, postconventional reasoning is
TB_12_46_Causes and Consequences of Moral Development_LO 12.8_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is a necessary condition for the development of advanced moral reasoning?
A) Complete absence of egocentrism
B) Religious upbringing and beliefs
C) Concrete operational and formal operational thinking skills
D) Education to develop character and moral values
TB_12_47_Causes and Consequences of Moral Development_LO 12.8_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is believed by Kohlberg and others to be the most important contributor to moral reasoning?
A) The decline in egocentrism
B) The concrete thinking found in Piaget’s formal operational stage
C) The increase in abstract thinking ability
D) The movement from abstract to hypothetical thinking
338
TB_12_48_Causes and Consequences of Moral Development_LO 12.8_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following refers to the ability to look at a situation from another person’s perspective?
A) Role-taking
B) Perspective assumptions
C) Role reversal
D) Egocentrism
TB_12_49_Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory_LO 12.9_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following moral principles typically overrides all other concerns of moral judgment in Western
societies?
A) Justice
B) Wisdom
C) Fairness
D) Equality
TB_12_50_Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory_LO 12.9_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following characteristics is both a cause and a consequence of moral development according to Nancy
Eisenberg?
A) Justice
B) Wisdom
C) Equality
339
TB_12_51_Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory_LO 12.9_APA LO 1.1
Carol Gilligan argues that there are two distinct moral orientations. What are they?
A) Fairness and ethics
B) Intimacy and legality
C) Judgment and nurture
D) Justice and care
TB_12_52_Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory_LO 12.9_APA LO 1.1
If you believe that there are distinct differences in the way that boys and girls perceive moral dilemmas, which
theorist would you most likely support?
A) Lawrence Kohlberg
B) Carol Gilligan
C) Samuel Elkind
D) Nancy Eisenberg
APA LO: 1.1
TB_12_53_Moral Development and Antisocial Behavior_LO 12.10_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is the best example of delinquent behavior?
A) The star of the team bullies the other basketball team members into giving him the best opportunities to score.
B) Charles switches the materials and chemicals for the chemistry laboratory exam so that none of the experiments
work as they should.
C) Mary angrily threatens to run away from home if her parents won’t give her more privileges and be more flexible
in their rules.
D) The boys vandalized the park by uprooting trees, spray-painting graffiti, and damaging the park benches.
TB_12_54_Moral Development and Antisocial Behavior_LO 12.10_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following best defines the term antisocial in psychological theories?
A) Having a moral stance which disregards the norms of society
B) Choosing to live away from other people
C) Going against the rules of one’s parents
D) Deciding for one’s self what is right and wrong