a.
self-reliant.
b.
modest.
c.
interdependent.
d.
altruistic.
54. Which statement indicates that Jade adheres to a collectivist culture philosophy?
a.
“It is important to be independent and self-reliant.”
b.
“It’s my way or the highway.”
c.
“It’s not about me, it’s about my people.”
d.
“The needs of the one outweigh the needs of the whole.”
55. Which is true regarding personality during adulthood?
a.
b.
c.
d.
56. Research has indicated that as individuals move from adolescence to middle age, they would be most likely to
experience a modest increase in
a.
neuroticism.
b.
extraversion.
c.
openness to new experience.
d.
conscientiousness.
57. With regard to personality development during adulthood, which statement is true?
a.
There is generally more change in personality between adolescence and middle age than there is between
middle age and old age.
b.
There are virtually no changes in personality beyond adolescence.
c.
The historical context in which people grow up appears to have little influence on personality development.
d.
Most people undergo highly significant personality changes as they progress from middle age to old age.
58. Which is likely to contribute most to change in personality across the lifespan?
a.
Consistent environments
b.
Genetic inheritance
c.
Long-lasting childhood experiences
d.
Poor person-environment fit
59. Mia has just become concerned with how she compares to her peers. For example, she wants to know if she can kick a
soccer ball farther or read better than her friends. Mia is in which of Erikson’s psychosocial stages?
a.
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
b.
Initiative versus guilt
c.
Industry versus inferiority
d.
Identity versus role confusion
60. According to Erikson, psychologically healthy middle-aged adults are most likely to
a.
begin to be concerned about how their abilities compare with their age peers.
b.
be strongly focused on the reality of death and dying.
c.
be concerned with making a contribution to society for future generations.
d.
focus on the establishment of intimate relationships with others.
61. Forty-year-old Zelda is proud of the tutoring she is doing at school with kids who have learning problems and feels
that she is doing something positive for future generations. It is most likely that Zelda is in Erikson’s stage of
a.
integrity versus despair.
b.
identity versus role confusion.
c.
intimacy versus isolation.
d.
generativity versus stagnation.
62. Which event is best associated with Erikson’s integrity versus despair stage of development?
a.
Committing to a long-term relationship
b.
Having your first child
c.
Comparing yourself to your peers
d.
Life review
63. Which statement best summarizes the research on the “midlife crisis”?
a.
Most males experience a significant midlife crisis, but few females have such an experience.
b.
Most females experience a significant midlife crisis, but few males have such an experience.
c.
Most people experience a significant midlife crisis.
d.
Most people experience some self-questioning at midlife but not a significant crisis.
64. The idea of remaining effective by developing ways to get around the need for other skills than the ones you already
possess best fits with the _____ component of the selective optimization with compensation theory.
a.
selective
b.
optimization
c.
compensation
d.
integrity
65. Irene has been a secretary for 40 years. Despite her advancing age, her typing skills remain excellent. This is mostly
due to the fact that she continues to practice her typing every day. The Baltes’ model would suggest that the process of
_____ is most responsible for Irene’s continued high level of performance.
a.
selective
b.
optimization
c.
compensation
d.
stagnation
66. About one year after she retired, Verniece suddenly became very unhappy and expressed the opinion that she now had
nothing to do in her life. Verniece appears have entered the _____ phase of retirement.
a.
honeymoon
b.
reorientation
c.
midlife
d.
disenchantment
67. Yumi has just entered the phase of retirement best described as “realistic and satisfying.” This would indicate that she
is in the _____ phase of retirement.
a.
honeymoon
b.
reorientation
c.
midlife
d.
disenchantment
68. Jackson is about to retire. In preparation, he has begun to take up golf as a way to fill some of the time he would
normally have been at work. Jackson’s response best fits with the _____ theory concerning successful aging.
a.
temperament
b.
activity
c.
disengagement
d.
stagnation
69. As she nears her 100th birthday, Ruth, though remaining happy, has begun to become much less involved with her
church and other social groups. Ruth’s reaction to aging best fits with the _____ theory concerning successful aging.
a.
honeymoon
b.
activity
c.
disengagement
d.
generativity
70. What is the best advice concerning successful aging?
a.
Older adults need to keep active and engaged.
b.
Older adults need to be allowed to disengage.
c.
Older adults should find a good fit for their personality and environment.
d.
Older adults should strive to follow younger role models.
71. Which of the following would be considered a dispositional trait?
a.
feeling fear at a bloody horror movie
b.
feeling nervous about a final exam
c.
feeling anxious starting a new job
d.
feeling worried about life in general
72. Frank was nervous about asking his boss for a raise, but he knew he deserved more pay. So he put on his “big boy” hat
and walked confidently into the manager’s office to make his case. What is Frank demonstrating?
a.
narrative identity
b.
characteristic adaptation
c.
dispositional trait
d.
identity achievement
73. Which aspect of personality reflects a past, present, and future perspective?
a.
characteristic adaptation
b.
self-esteem
c.
narrative identity
d.
categorical self
74. If you were to assign yourself a grade of B+, from a personality perspective you would be focusing on ________.
a.
self-recognition
b.
self-concept
c.
self-consciousness
d.
self-esteem
75. Mallory is writing her profile for an online dating website – and being honest! Which of the following best describes
what Mallory described on the site?
a.
ideal self
b.
identity
c.
personality
d.
self-concept
76. A major shift occurs in a baby’s sense of self at around 8 to 12 weeks of age that is grounded in the concept of
________.
a.
symbols
b.
control
c.
categorization
d.
reflexes
77. Antonio is a toddler who is able to recognize himself in a mirror. What is he more likely to do now compared to peers
who have not reached this milestone?
a.
babble
b.
blush
c.
kick
d.
laugh
78. A toddler who can recognize herself in a mirror is more likely to be ________in her daycare class.
a.
cooperative
b.
selfish
c.
passive
d.
insecure
79. Which of the following would be a key factor in deciding whether a child is ready to enter the more structured
environment of first grade?
a.
surgency
b.
extraversion
c.
self-esteem
d.
effortful control
80. Tevin feels insecure and has problems dealing with people in authority – despite being 45 years old. His aunt believes
this is because Tevin had a difficult temperament as a child and his parents were quite young, impatient with him, and
quick to anger. What has impacted Tevin’s adult personality?
a.
social comparison
b.
poor goodness of fit
c.
midlife crisis
d.
role confusion
81. Reggie has recently noticed that his daughter Katya no longer merely describes herself as a good girl who has red hair,
but as a brave girl who has lots of friends. How old is Katya?
a.
3
b.
6
c.
8
d.
11
82. A boy who laughs at all his classmates because he was the only one to score 100 on the spelling test is probably going
a little overboard with ________.
a.
self-esteem
b.
ideal self
c.
social comparison
d.
effortful control
83. Which of the following factors that develops in childhood can often be the cause of significant problems in middle and
high school?
a.
categorical self
b.
social comparison
c.
self-recognition
d.
effortful control
84. Which aspect of a pre-schooler’s self-esteem definition becomes more specialized as they progress through
childhood?
a.
appearance
b.
extraversion
c.
competence
d.
control
85. Which of the following would reflect the correlation between a fifth grader’s athletic self-esteem and their physical
education teacher’s assessment of their athletic ability?
a.
−.17
b.
+.31
c.
+.42
d.
+.68
86. Which of the following best reflects the concept of the ideal self?
a.
crisis
b.
goal
c.
stereotype
d.
benchmark