87. The temperament of a baby generally ________ the personality of an adult.
a.
dictates
b.
contradicts
c.
forecasts
d.
limits
88. Nathan owns a travel company in which he takes clients on adventure excursions to places like the Amazon Basin and
the African savannah. As a child, Nathan likely rated high on which of the Big Five personality dimensions?
a.
agreeableness
b.
extraversion
c.
neuroticism
d.
openness to experience
89. Which of the following is NOT a key factor in adolescents’ formation of a self-concept?
a.
b.
c.
d.
90. Which of the following best reflects how an adolescent’s self-concept compares to the self-concept of a child?
a.
more emotional
b.
more sophisticated
c.
more social
d.
more positive
91. On the football field, Keshaun is a brute, always loud and talking smack and getting up in opponents’ faces. In class
he’s calm, quiet, and studious. How would you assess Keshaun’s behavior?.
a.
He is having difficulty resolving his real self and his ideal self.
b.
He understands that people can be different in different situations.
c.
He is a phony trying to gain points on the social comparison scale.
d.
He has a diffused personality status due to lack of crises in his life.
92. As a teenager, Luz struggled with low self-esteem. Which of the following characteristics likely fits her now that Luz
is an adult?
a.
good physical health
b.
high annual income
c.
poor mental health
d.
low criminal involvement
93. Which term best describes an adolescent’s focus on their self-concept?
a.
measured
b.
casual
c.
resigned
d.
intensive
94. As he enters his final year of high school, Hakeem has a pretty solid sense of who he is and where he wants to go in
life. From a cognitive perspective, Hakeem has mastered ________.
a.
concrete operations
b.
formal operations
c.
postformal thought
d.
effortful control
95. Robin has successfully completed her moratorium stage and is ready to navigate the world committed to her goals and
values. On the Big Five scale, she likely scored low on ________.
a.
extraversion
b.
agreeableness
c.
neuroticism
d.
conscientiousness
96. Edward grew up in a fairly wealthy neighborhood and attended private schools. In terms of family he feels little
connection to his parents, who are mainly focused on making money and gaining prestige. What is Edward’s likely
identity status?
a.
moratorium
b.
achievement
c.
diffusion
d.
foreclosure
97. In the context of forming a healthy sense of identity, what benefit does attending college offer?
a.
depressed self-esteem
b.
credentials
c.
expertise
d.
exploration
98. Traditional societies would likely view the practice of adolescents taking time to explore options and form a unique
identity as being________.
a.
heresy
b.
ritualized
c.
indulgent
d.
vital
99. Identity achievement is a key factor in an adult’s ________ in life.
a.
status
b.
functionality
c.
integrity
d.
autonomy
100. By any standard, Viola would be considered a young adult who has achieved a stable and positive identity. What
type of parenting style did Viola’s parents likely practice when she was growing up?
a.
uninvolved
b.
permissive
c.
authoritarian
d.
democratic
101. Erikson and Freud both view adult personality as being primarily determined by experiences during infancy and
early childhood.
a.
True
b.
False
102. Most adolescents experience a dip in self-esteem that tends to rebound in later adolescence.
a.
True
b.
False
103. A person in foreclosure status is facing no crisis and exhibits no commitment.
a.
True
b.
False
104. The identity moratorium status is characterized by active exploration of identity and possible crises.
a.
True
b.
False
105. Older individuals tend to adjust their ideal selves to be more in line with their real selves.
a.
True
b.
False
106. Big Five personality traits tend to change dramatically following adolescence.
a.
True
b.
False
107. Successful aging in later life requires engagement in society.
a.
True
b.
False
108. A toddler who can recognize himself in a mirror likely has the ability to recognize and respond to the emotions of
other children at the playground.
a.
True
b.
False
109. Being sent to the principal’s office for being bossy to kids in her fourth-grade class put a dent in Sheila’s self-esteem.
a.
True
b.
False
110. A 32-year-old who spends time in and out of jail for various offenses likely ranked low in effortful control as a child.
a.
True
b.
False
111. How does the development of self proceed from birth through age three?
112. What is self-esteem, and how does it change across the lifespan? What factors influence self-esteem in positive or
negative directions?
113. In what ways might one’s culture and ethnic identity impact self-concept?
114. Describe the concepts of real self and ideal self in adulthood. Explain how and why the gap between these concepts
tends to change between young and older adulthood. Provide an example to support your thinking.
115. Describe a situation in which an older person demonstrates selective optimization with compensation in the
workplace. Be sure to identify each aspect in your example.
116. How does infant temperament relate to personality in adults? Provide an example for each type of temperament.
117. Write a brief self-description that you would have told someone when you were in first grade. Then write a brief self-
description of you today. Finally, describe any differences between the two self-concepts you wrote and explain them
from a developmental perspective.
118. In many competitive situations today, all children receive trophies and awards simply for participating – regardless of
their performance. What effect can this have on a child’s self-esteem? Do you agree with this practice? If so, explain your
reasoning from a developmental perspective. If not, suggest more suitable alternative practices.
119. List and describe Holland’s six personality types, and provide a job title or career path that is suitable to each
personality type.
120. List the three psychosocial conflicts that occur in adulthood. Provide an example of each crisis and describe how a
person would successfully resolve it.