88. Sean and Jack want to make sure their daughter 13-year-old Maria is focused on finishing high school and getting a
college degree. To achieve their goal what should they discuss with Maria now?
a.
the negative influence of her peers
b.
the importance of academic grades
c.
the value of personal responsibility
d.
the demands of standardized tests
89. Which of the following does NOT play a role in the decline in older adults’ language capabilities?
a.
motivational drive
b.
memory problems
c.
sensory deficits
d.
cognitive decay
90. Because she has traveled all over the world and had many different jobs during her 75 years, Olga has a very rich
understanding of ________.
a.
phonemes
b.
semantics
c.
morphemes
d.
prosody
91. Which of the following could be considered the most flexible and sophisticated in older adults’ use of language?
a.
semantics
b.
prosody
c.
expansion
d.
pragmatics
92. Which term best describes the achievement motivation of older adults?
a.
intrinsic
b.
extrinsic
c.
social
d.
pragmatic
93. Now that her children have finished college and moved out of the house, 40-year-old Dr. Rita Sanchez will likely
experience an increase in which of the following?
a.
social motivation
b.
career motivation
c.
academic motivation
d.
intrinsic motivation
94. At age 54, what will be most likely to motivate Henry in his job?
a.
colleagues
b.
salary
c.
titles
d.
purpose
95. A random sampling of 100 American adults are gathered to participate in a focus group discussion. How many of the
attendees can read at no higher than a third grade level?
a.
5
b.
9
c.
14
d.
21
96. Based on statistics, which of the following plays a key role in low adult literacy rates?
a.
genetics
b.
education
c.
citizenship
d.
culture
97. The state has just opened a new training facility to assist adults who rank in the bottom tier of literacy scores. Of the
100 participants in the first training session, how many live in poverty?
a.
25
b.
35
c.
50
d.
60
98. A nonprofit organization welcomed 100 people to participate in a new 10-week adult literacy training program. How
many of the attendees did not complete the program?
a.
32
b.
47
c.
61
d.
73
99. Marcus recently began taking a night class at the community college – thirty years after he graduated from high
school. Why is Marcus likely taking the class?
a.
because he wants to better himself
b.
because he enjoys learning new things
c.
because his job requires new knowledge
d.
because his cognitive skills need a boost
100. Younger college students are more likely than older returning students to ________.
a.
connect learning to experience
b.
study just enough to get by
c.
focus on personal learning
d.
attend classes for a job
101. Changing the pitch of a sentence to change the meaning from actual to sarcastic is an example of prosody.
a.
True
b.
False
102. A holophrase always contains at least two words.
a.
True
b.
False
103. Chomsky proposed that humans are born with a common set of rules and properties for learning any language in the
world.
a.
True
b.
False
104. Child-directed speech is characterized by long sentences spoken in a monotone with no repetition of ideas.
a.
True
b.
False
105. The most effective preschool programs emphasize academic skill-building and de-emphasize play.
a.
True
b.
False
106. Performance goals emphasize proving one’s ability versus improving one’s ability.
a.
True
b.
False
107. Programs designed to raise older-adult levels of literacy are rarely successful.
a.
True
b.
False
108. Five-year-old Oliver, who knows both English and Spanish, has a more efficient working memory than his five-year-
old friend Max, who only knows English.
a.
True
b.
False
109. Because his buddies in the neighborhood tease Carlton for “acting white,” his grades may potentially drop and he
could lose his spot on the honor roll at school.
a.
True
b.
False
110. Students who work at a job while in high school can gain personal benefits but at the expense of academic
performance.
a.
True
b.
False
111. Describe the linguistic concepts of phonemes, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, prosody, and word segmentation. Be
sure to provide examples of each.
Moderate
Apply
112. How does level of achievement change during adolescence and adulthood? What factors lead to declines or increases
in achievement?
Basic
113. How does experience impact language? Be sure to address language development in the deaf, the acquisition of a
second language, and the idea of a critical period in language acquisition.
1
False
childhood.
114. Explain the difference between mastery motivation and achievement motivation, noting how they change as people
develop over the life span. Provide examples to support your thinking.
115. Write a brief proposal that outlines your recommended early education strategies to assist low-income urban
children. Provide at least three ideas for both the educational and the environmental components, and support your
thinking.
116. Some school districts have programs and incentives aimed at encouraging more men from minority groups to
become elementary and middle school teachers. Why might this be important from a developmental perspective? Provide
examples to support your ideas.
117. How does Shernoff’s perspective on complexity in high school relate to Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development?
Give an example to support your thinking..
118. Compare and contrast stereotype promise and stereotype threat. Provide examples to support your thinking.
119. Given what you have learned about motivation and education, what strategies would you suggest to increase the
program completion rate in adult literacy programs? Provide examples to support your ideas.
120. Outline the potential benefits and drawbacks of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for both adolescents and adults.
Should motivation change over the life span or should one style be favored over another? Explain your reasoning.