267
TEST BANK
CHAPTER 10: SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
Multiple Choice Questions
TB_10_01_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 10.1_APA LO 1.2
Which of the following accurately reflects Freud’s view of development in middle childhood?
A) To develop friendships with members of the opposite sex
B) To form emotional bonds with peers and to move beyond those developed with parents
C) To develop a sense of competence by achieving culturally-defined learning goals
D) To expand the process of identification to include their opposite sex parent
TB_10_02_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 10.1_APA LO 1.2
What is the crisis of middle childhood according to Erikson?
A) Competency versus risk-taking
B) Basic trust versus mistrust
C) Industry versus inferiority
D) Latency versus sexual development
TB_10_03_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 10.1_APA LO 1.2
According to Erikson, children resolve the psychosocial task of middle childhood through their
A) friendships with others.
B) relationships with parents and siblings.
C) school relationships.
D) the neighborhood or community.
268
TB_10_04_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 10.1_APA LO 1.2
Rudolf is struggling with his math and reading skills, but excels at soccer. What would Erikson say about Rudolf’s
sense of competence?
A) Rudolf will successfully resolve the conflict of this stage through his competence at soccer.
B) Rudolf will not successfully resolve this stage because his peers are likely to make fun of him.
C) Since his teachers are likely to treat Rudolf badly, he will disregard the sense of competence that he feels at
soccer.
D) Since soccer is a European sport, Rudolf will not develop a sense of confidence.
TB_10_05_The Trait and Social-Cognitive Perspectives_LO 10.2_APA LO 1.2
What is the primary goal of trait theories?
A) To counteract the negative effects of psychoanalytic theories
B) To identify individual differences in emotional responses to childhood experiences
C) To explain the origins of the differences in personality
D) To explain the effects of reciprocal determinism on a child’s development
TB_10_06_The Trait and Social-Cognitive Perspectives_LO 10.2_APA LO 1.2
According to trait theorists, what is the nature of temperament in middle childhood?
A) It is still developing.
B) The inborn characteristics of temperament will have disappeared.
C) The effects of a child’s temperament are negligible at this point.
D) It is relatively stable in terms of traits.
TB_10_07_The Trait and Social-Cognitive Perspectives_LO 10.2_APA LO 1.2
Which of the following is a component of Bandura’s model of personality development?
A) Id
B) Traits
C) Archetypes
D) Behavior
269
TB_10_08_The Trait and Social-Cognitive Perspectives_LO 10.2_APA LO 1.2
Leticia failed to ride her bike up the hill with her friends. She later asked her father to remove the training wheels
from her bike so that she would no longer feel embarrassed. This is an example of which part of social-cognitive
theory?
A) The person component
B) Residual traits
C) Extroversion
D) Reciprocal determinism
TB_10_09_The Psychological Self_LO 10.3_APA LO 1.1
During middle childhood, a new component of the self is added to the categorical, social, and emotional selves. This
new component includes things like personality traits. What is the term for this new component?
A) Personhood
B) Individualistic self
C) Psychological self
TB_10_10_The Psychological Self_LO 10.3_APA LO 1.1
Chloe saw that her friends didn’t have training wheels on their bicycles and decided that she could ride better
without them. Which two social-cognitive concepts are at work here?
A) Personal effectiveness and behavior
B) Social comparisons and self-efficacy
C) Social comparisons and self-esteem
D) Self-concept and behaviorism
TB_10_11_The Psychological Self_LO 10.3_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following best defines self-efficacy?
A) The belief in one’s influence over events that have nothing to do with them
B) The belief that one is responsible for their own internal behaviors
C) The belief that the environment influences one’s internal thoughts
D) The belief in one’s ability to cause an intended event to happen
Answer: D
270
TB_10_12_The Valued Self_LO 10.4_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following refers to children’s global self-evaluation, which includes factors such as how well they like
themselves or how happy they are?
A) Intrapersonal perception
B) Self-construct
C) Self-esteem
D) Introspection
TB_10_13_The Valued Self_LO 10.4_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following statements is correct?
A) Self-esteem tends to be unstable in the short term and can vary somewhat over time.
B) A child with high self esteem at age 8 or 9 is not likely to have high self-esteem at age 10.
C) Self-esteem tends to be more stable in boys than in girls.
D) Self-esteem tends to be more stable in girls than in boys.
TB_10_14_The Valued Self_LO 10.4_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is a major influence in a child’s self esteem?
A) The general support the child feels from her parents, peers, and others
B) The evaluations of teachers and whether they match the child’s self-evaluation
C) Internal characteristics transmitted genetically from the parents
D) The child’s perceived popularity by others
271
TB_10_15_The Valued Self_LO 10.4_APA LO 1.1
Bobby is a ten-year-old who is uncoordinated and awkward, and as a consequence, he has little athletic ability. How
will this circumstance influence Bobby’s self-esteem?
A) The absence of athletic ability will cause Bobby to have low self-esteem.
B) If Bobby does not value athletic skill, his lack of talent will have less impact on his self-esteem than if he highly
values athleticism.
C) The absence of athletic skill will affect his self-esteem only if his parents also value athleticism.
D) As long as his friends tell Bobby that they don’t mind if he is clumsy, his self-esteem will be unaffected.
TB_10_16_The Valued Self_LO 10.4_APA LO 1.1
According to your text, which of the following is the key to self-esteem?
A) Parental modeling of healthy self-esteem
B) External evaluations from teachers and other adults
C) The amount of discrepancy between what a child wants and what the child thinks he or she has achieved
D) The external evaluations from peers
TB_10_17_The Child as Psychologist_LO 10.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is the typical pattern of children’s descriptions of others during middle childhood?
A) During middle childhood, children are unobservant and do not attempt to interpret or describe other people.
B) Across the middle childhood period, children become less abstract and more concrete in their descriptions of
others.
C) During middle childhood, children use only observable, physical characteristics when they describe other people.
D) During middle childhood, children talk more about internal characteristics or qualities that the individual seems
TB_10_18_The Child as Psychologist_LO 10.5_APA LO 1.1
Heath refers to his friend, Mickey, as smart. Heath’s description is based on which of the following?
A) Behavioral comparison
B) Behavioral construct
C) Psychological construct
D) Psychosocial comparison
272
TB_10_19_Moral Reasoning_LO 10.6_APA LO 1.1
According to Piaget’s ideas about children’s moral development, a child who insists that the rules of a game cannot
be changed because they come from authorities such as parents or religious figures is demonstrating moral
development at which stage?
A) Moral relativism
B) Moral realism
C) Ego ideal
TB_10_20_Moral Reasoning_LO 10.6_APA LO 1.1
According to Piaget’s ideas about children’s moral development, a child who knows that the players of a game can
change the rules as long as all the children agree to play by the new rules is demonstrating moral development at the
which stage?
A) Moral relativism
B) Moral realism
C) Ego ideal
D) Pre-conventional
TB_10_21_Moral Reasoning_LO 10.6_APA LO 1.1
Children who are older than eight years of age, compared to children who are younger, know that ________ are
important when making moral judgments about the behavior of others.
A) the amount of damages caused
B) the reactions of parents
C) consequences
D) intentions
273
TB_10_22_Moral Reasoning_LO 10.6_APA LO 1.1
According to Piaget, which of the following children is most likely to recognize that intentions are important when
making moral judgments about others’ behaviors?
A) Dale, who is 6
B) Marianna, who is 6
C) Dudley, who is 7
D) Kirsten, who is 8
TB_10_23_Moral Reasoning_LO 10.6_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is Piaget’s stage of moral development in which children understand that sometimes rules
can be changed by social agreement?
A) Moral realism
B) Contemporary moralism
C) Post-conventional morality
D) Moral relativism
TB_10_24_Developmental Science at Home_LO 10.6_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is one of the authors’ suggestions to encourage moral reasoning?
A) Discourage playing games and encouraging reading important literary works
B) Help and encourage them to base obedience on fear rather than development
C) Include them in charitable projects
D) Punish them immediately after they have done something wrong
TB_10_25_Relationships with Parents_LO 10.7_APA LO 1.1
During the middle-childhood years, disciplinary interactions with parents typically decrease because a child is more
capable of which of the following?
A) Person perception
B) Metacognition
C) Self-regulation
D) The use of psychological constructs
274
TB_10_26_Relationships with Parents_LO 10.7_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is the child’s ability to conform to parental standards of behavior without direct supervision?
A) Independence
B) Interdependence
C) Self-evaluation
D) Self-regulation
TB_10_27_Relationships with Parents_LO 10.7_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is a parenting variable that is related to children’s development of the capacity for self-
regulation?
A) The parents’ age
B) The parents’ own ability to self-regulate
C) The parents’ socioeconomic status
D) Authoritarian parenting
TB_10_28_Research Report_LO 10.7_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is an implication of the resource dilution hypothesis?
A) That later-born children in a family will not perform as well as first-born children on achievement tests.
B) That a family’s socioeconomic status diminishes with the birth of multiple children.
C) That only children have fewer social skills than children with siblings.
D) That first-born children in a family will not perform as well as later-born children on achievement tests.
TB_10_29_Research Report_LO 10.7_APA LO 1.1
Monica is an only child. Which of the following statements is likely to be true regarding Monica?
A) Research indicates that she will be less well adjusted as children who have siblings.
B) She will have difficulty making friends once she starts school.
C) Her family is likely to suffer from resource dilution.
D) She will likely get as much of her parents’ attention as a first-born child.
275
TB_10_30_Research Report_LO 10.7_APA LO 1.1
In what way might only children have an advantage over children who have siblings?
A) They are likely to suffer from resource dilution.
B) They are more likely to go to college than children with siblings.
C) They are likely to show higher cognitive development and higher levels of academic achievement.
D) They are less likely to engage in gender-stereotypical behaviors.
TB_10_31_Relationships with Parents_LO 10.7_APA LO 1.1
Developmentalists have suggested that differences in the expectations parents have for boys and girls may be
responsible for
A) weaker standards of behavior for boys in later developmental periods.
B) stronger standards of behavior for girls in later developmental periods.
C) stronger standards of behavior for boys in later developmental periods.
D) weaker standards of behavior for girls in later developmental periods.
TB_10_32_Friendships_LO 10.8_APA LO 1.1
During the later years of middle childhood, the key element of children’s friendships becomes
A) having a good time together.
B) similar social and cultural backgrounds.
C) reciprocal trust.
D) complementary abilities.
TB_10_33_Friendships_LO 10.8_APA LO 1.1
If you ask a preschooler how people make friends, which of the following answers are you likely to receive?
A) “They have similar interests.”
B) “They like each other.”
C) “They play together.”
D) “Boys only play with boys.”
276
TB_10_34_Gender Self-Segregation_LO 10.9_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following seems to be the most important factor in selection of friends among 6- to 12-year-olds?
A) Age
B) Socioeconomic similarity
C) Race
D) Gender
TB_10_35_Gender Self-Segregation_LO 10.9_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following would you likely see in a typical “boundary violation” between children’s play groups in
middle childhood?
A) A girl will exit her friendship group as a result of a quarrel or hurt feelings.
B) A child will be accepted into a play and friendship group of children of the other gender for an extended period
of time.
C) Best-friend pairs terminate their friendship bonds and re-form into new groups of friends.
D) A brief interaction, such as a “chasing game,” will cause one gender-segregated group to breach the barrier of the
other gender-segregated group.
TB_10_36_Gender Self-Segregation_LO 10.9_APA LO 1.1
A group of girls were playing jump-rope when a couple of boys ran in and grabbed their rope yelling, “You can’t
catch us!” The girls laughed and gave chase, retrieving the rope—to the delight of both the boys and girls. This is an
example of which of the following?
A) Dominance-seeking
B) A boundary violation
C) Social conflict
D) Cross-gender pickets
277
TB_10_37_Gender Self-Segregation_LO 10.9_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is an accurate description of female-male differences in middle childhood friendships?
A) Boys’ friendship groups are smaller than girls’ friendship groups.
B) Boys spend more time playing indoors or near home or school.
C) Girls’ friendship groups are more accepting of newcomers than are boys’ friendship groups.
D) Girls are more likely to play in pairs or in small, fairly exclusive groups.
TB_10_38_Gender Self-Segregation_LO 10.9_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is an accurate description of female-male differences in friendships in middle childhood?
A) Friendships between boys include more agreement and compliance than girls’ friendships.
B) Girls’ friendships have higher levels of competition and rejection than boys’ friendships.
C) School-age boys are more competitive with strangers than with friends.
D) Boys are more likely to use “controlling” speech in their interactions with their friends.
TB_10_39_Gender Self-Segregation_LO 10.9_APA LO 1.1
Of the following, which is an example of controlling speech used among middle childhood boys?
A) “I can help.”
B) “Why are you so mean?”
C) “Can you fix this?”
D) “Try to stop me.”
TB_10_40_Gender Self-Segregation_LO 10.9_APA LO 1.1
Rejecting comments, manipulation, ordering, challenging, or defiance all define which of the following?
A) Rudeness
B) Controlling speech
C) Bullying
D) Male-dominated play
278
TB_10_41_Patterns of Aggression_LO 10.10_APA LO 1.1
Of the following, which is an accurate description of the patterns of aggression observable among children in middle
childhood?
A) Physical aggression becomes more common among children in middle childhood.
B) At every age, boys show more physical aggression than girls do.
C) School-age boys rarely express their approval for the aggressive behavior of peers.
D) Girls and boys are equally likely to use relational aggression toward their peers.
TB_10_42_Patterns of Aggression_LO 10.10_APA LO 1.1
Psychologists have begun to believe that girls may not be less aggressive than boys, but rather that girls may express
themselves by using which form of aggression?
A) Relational aggression
B) Parallel aggression
C) Verbal hostility
D) Covert hostility
TB_10_43_Patterns of Aggression_LO 10.10_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is the best example of relational aggression?
A) Dawn yelled at her older sister, “Get up! I’m supposed to sit next to Daddy!”
B) Sylvia lobbed a rotten apple at the boys in the tree house, and they immediately began to chase her down the
street.
C) Gloria announced to her friends, “We’re not going to be friends with Sharinda anymore. She’s fat!”
TB_10_44_Patterns of Aggression_LO 10.10_APA LO 1.1
Cecelia rolled her eyes in disgust when Carrie walked up to the group and began to speak. Cecelia was using which
of the following?
A) Instrumental aggression
B) Relational aggression
C) Person imperception
D) Inductive persuasion
279
TB_10_45_Patterns of Aggression_LO 10.10_APA LO 1.1
Penny broke her brother’s baseball trophy after he used her favorite doll to play tug–of-war with their dog. Which
type of aggression is Penny demonstrating?
A) Relational aggression
B) Retaliatory aggression
C) Instrumental aggression
D) Hostile aggression
TB_10_46_No Easy Answers_LO 10.10_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is a characteristic of victims of bullying?
A) High self-esteem
B) A good sense of humor
C) Sensitivity
D) Low intelligence
TB_10_47_Social Status_LO 10.11_APA LO 1.1
According to the text, which of the following is linked to rejection and unpopularity among children?
A) Decompensating behaviors
B) Higher achievement scores
C) Aggression and disruptive behavior
D) Promiscuity
TB_10_48_Social Status_LO 10.11_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following children would be least likely to be rejected or neglected by peers in middle childhood?
A) Juan, who loves to write and perform various types of music
B) Elizabeth, who throws temper tantrums and cries easily
C) Larry, who is taller than his peers and considered handsome
D) Abraham, who is very shy
280
TB_10_49_Social Status_LO 10.11_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following characteristics would be typical of a school-age child who is popular with his or her peers?
A) Notable talent and creativity
B) Negative behavior toward other children
C) Ability to assess the feelings of others
D) Difficulty regulating the expression of strong emotions
TB_10_50_Social Status_LO 10.11_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following seems to be the most important element in a child’s acceptance by her peers?
A) Intelligence
B) Physical appearance
C) Socioeconomic status
D) Social behavior
TB_10_51_Social Status_LO 10.11_APA LO 1.1
Although aggressive children tend to be disliked by their peers, they are usually considered to be
A) more intelligent.
B) of stronger character.
C) more competent.
D) of higher social status.
TB_10_52_Social Status_LO 10.11_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following terms is used by psychologists to describe children who are disliked and avoided by their
peers?
A) Repudiated
B) Rejected
C) Neglected
D) Shunned
281
TB_10_53_Social Status_LO 10.11_APA LO 1.1
What effect does social approval have on the aggressive behavior of boys?
A) It helps to maintain it.
B) It increases it.
C) It decreases it.
D) It instigates it.
TB_10_54_Social Status_LO 10.11_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following characteristics is more likely to be found in neglected children than in popular or rejected
children?
A) Higher intelligence
B) Depression and loneliness
C) Aggression
D) Creativity
TB_10_55_Social Status_LO 10.11_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following types of children show no differences in sociability compared to their popular peers?
A) Rejected
B) Neglected
C) Aggressive
D) Withdrawn
TB_10_56_Social Status_LO 10.11_APA LO 1.1
What terms describe the two types of rejected children?
A) Neglected and withdrawn
B) Withdrawn and aggressive
C) Aggressive and delinquent
D) Assertive and withdrawn