54. “Low ability” students with a mastery goal
a.
persist, but only when they succeed.
b.
persist and show major frustration when they fail.
c.
persist and show little frustration despite failure.
d.
do not persist, regardless of success or failure.
55. During the _____ phase of reading, a child is first able to “read” something that he or she memorized during a
previous reading session.
a.
prealphabetic
b.
partial alphabetic
c.
full alphabetic
d.
full phonological awareness
56. Brandy has just begun to learn to read. At this point, she knows that the letter with one line and two bumps is the “B.”
She also knows that this letter corresponds to the “b” sound, and it is the first letter of her name. While Brandy has this
knowledge, she is not yet able to connect all written words with their sounds. Brandy is best classified as being in the
_____ phase of reading development.
a.
b.
c.
d.
57. Hamid has just acquired the ability to “sound out” a word. This means that when he sees the word “bend” for the first
time, he is able to decode it as “b” plus “e” plus “n” plus “d” and say “bend.” Hamid’s newfound ability indicates that he
has acquired _____ awareness.
a.
semantic
b.
syntactical
c.
morphological
d.
phonological
58. When a child is able to realize that some letter combinations (e.g., “br,” “st,” “ed”) need to be perceived as a single
unit versus several individual units, he or she is said to be in the _____ phase of reading.
a.
pre-alphabetic
b.
consolidated alphabetic
c.
partial alphabetic
d.
full alphabetic
59. Exposure to rhyming stories is most likely to enhance the _____ aspect of emergent literacy.
a.
phonological awareness
b.
fast mapping
c.
telegraphic speech
d.
decontextualized language
60. Unskilled readers tend to _____ more than skilled readers.
a.
rely on phonological cues
b.
make sure their eyes “hit” all words
c.
use context to help identify words
d.
connect letters and sounds
61. Monica sees the sentence, “I saw a dog,” but reads the sentence as, “I was a god.” This indicates that Monica is best
classified as
a.
ignoring joint attention cues.
b.
lacking mastery motivation.
c.
engaging in child-directed speech.
d.
suffering from dyslexia.
62. Individuals with dyslexia
a.
show deficiencies in every reading area except phonological awareness.
b.
are best classified as having a speech disorder.
c.
devote so much effort to decoding words that recall for the words is compromised.
d.
tend to outgrow the problem in adulthood even without intervention.
63. The concept of appropriately matching an environment with a person’s characteristics is called
a.
overregulation.
b.
goodness-of-fit.
c.
mastery orientation.
d.
joint attention.
64. Reasons for declining achievement motivation during adolescence include all of the following EXCEPT
a.
stronger emphasis on physical development.
b.
poor person-environment fit.
c.
increasingly negative feedback from teachers regarding ability.
d.
increased importance of peer acceptance.
65. Which family characteristic is NOT associated with lower achievement?
a.
Growing up in a single-parent family
b.
Being a member of a minority group
c.
Having an uneducated mother
d.
Having a parent who uses consistent discipline
66. Lower academic performance in African-American teens has been linked to
a.
negative peer pressure.
b.
an attempt to reject cultural identity.
c.
overinvolved parents.
d.
too extreme a valuation on academics.
67. When compared to American students, Asian students appear to have higher levels of academic achievement. Which
of the following is NOT one of the proposed reasons for this advantage?
a.
Asian students spend more time being educated.
b.
Asian student are assigned and complete more homework.
c.
Asian parents tend to have a “hands–off” attitude concerning their children’s education.
d.
Asian peers value academic achievement.
68. Which best describes achievement motivation during adulthood?
a.
Achievement motivation is steady from middle to old age for both females and males.
b.
The loss of motivation is an inevitable part of the aging process (especially in those over age 70).
c.
For both females and males, achievement motivation increases steadily from young adulthood to middle age.
d.
Achievement motivation is more affected by work and family context than by the process of aging.
69. Literacy is defined as the ability to use
a.
printed information to function in society.
b.
verbal speech to function in school.
c.
gestures to communicate ideas to another person.
d.
written language to demonstrate one’s intelligence.
70. Research on adult education has shown that
a.
literacy programs for adults tend to be highly successful.
b.
older adult college students are more likely to be motivated by external expectations than traditional students.
c.
adult men tend to return to the classroom for personal enrichment reasons.
d.
returning adult students often put more effort into learning material because they want or need to use the
information.
71. Which of the following is the best advice for parents of young toddlers who want them to succeed later in school and
life?
a.
“Teach and test.“
b.
“Let them play.”
c.
“Keep them thinking.”
d.
“Raise the stakes.“
72. A program that targets environmental factors to improve toddlers’ readiness for school would focus on ________.
a.
promoting academics
b.
reducing poverty
c.
updating classrooms
d.
training parents
73. Cedric attended an Abecedarian program for preschool. Compared to his friends who did not attend the program,
Cedric ________.
a.
had a higher cognitive score than his peers until age 12, when they surpassed his score
b.
had a consistently higher cognitive score into young adulthood
c.
had a higher cognitive score through first grade but then matched his peers’ scores into young adulthood
d.
had a higher cognitive score that continued to rise into young adulthood
74. Which of the following statements best reflects a student who has a performance mindset?
a.
Try your best, forget the rest.
b.
Failure is not an option.
c.
Live to learn, love to learn.
d.
Feed your mind and be happy.
75. Which of the following statements best reflects a student who has a growth mindset?
a.
Classmates are competitors.
b.
The joy is in the doing.
c.
Go big or go home.
d.
Only failures get Cs.
76. Who goes to school every day guided by mastery goals?
a.
Jonah, a second grader
b.
Lexie, a fourth grader
c.
Miguel, a seventh grader
d.
Priya, a ninth grader
77. Heather has always been a below average student. Her mom tells Heather she still loves her even if she’s dumb. How
will Heather respond to her third grade class contest that will award a bike to the boy and girl who read the most books
this term?
a.
She will be very motivated.
b.
She will become frustrated.
c.
She will not read any books.
d.
She will commit to winning.
78. To help curtail the decrease in achievement motivation that occurs in adolescents, an effective strategy would be to
________.
a.
manage their social activity
b.
reduce their emotional stress
c.
increase parent accountability
d.
encourage after-school jobs
79. School districts that want to raise student performance in math should implement community-wide strategies to
________.
a.
enhance cognitive training
b.
increase job opportunities
c.
prevent bullying behavior
d.
raise student motivation
80. In a recent test of math proficiency, three students in an American eighth grade classroom scored in the top 10%. How
many students in a classroom of the same size in Singapore were in the top 10% on the same test?
a.
6
b.
15
c.
21
d.
34
81. Based on cross-cultural research, parents who want their children to be high academic achievers should do which of
the following?
a.
reduce focus on goals and emphasize mastery
b.
emphasize high standards and self-reliance
c.
set high goals and provide consistent support
d.
enable teachers to fully guide their activities
82. Hazuki has always told his children, “If you work hard, you will be rewarded with success.” What does Hazuki’s
parenting philosophy reflect?
a.
goodness of fit
b.
overextension
c.
growth mindset
d.
stereotype promise
83. A teenager working a part-time, low-skill job will likely experience a reduction in which of the following over time?
a.
peer pressure
b.
self-esteem
c.
motivation
d.
income
84. Hernani, a junior in high school, recently asked his boss at the burger shack if he could pick up two more work shifts.
Which of the following likely describes Hernani?
a.
He spends much time on homework.
b.
He has never tried alcohol or pot.
c.
He is on the honor roll at school.
d.
He feels bored in the classroom.
85. Which of the following eighth grade students is most at risk for not finishing high school?
a.
Johnetta, who lives in a trailer with blue collar parents and has a high IQ
b.
Keith, who lives with his divorced mom in a housing project and drinks beer
c.
Nancy, who lives with her parents in a middle class suburb and smokes pot
d.
Rob, who lives with his stepdad in an apartment and is captain of the debate team
86. Elaine decided to quit high school when she was 16. Now that she is 30, how does she compare to her peers who did
graduate from high school?
a.
higher job responsibility
b.
higher average income
c.
lower cognitive function
d.
lower risk of depression
87. Which of the following is the least flexible factor in “sorting” adolescents into high and low future success routes?
a.
household economics
b.
childhood IQ
c.
parent involvement
d.
peer influence