declines among the elderly. What is the goal of Jennifer’s research?
a.
description
b.
prediction
c.
explanation
d.
optimization
87. Which of the following reflects the principle that human development is a lifelong process?
a.
A person has the capacity to adapt to any challenging circumstances over the course of their life.
b.
From birth to death, a person will continue to add new capabilities and processes without loss.
c.
Changes a person experiences must be considered in relation to other factors in the person’s life.
d.
Both historical events and cultural factors impact how a person develops throughout their lifetime
88. After taking time off for 20 years to raise her children, Loretta decided to go back to college to get a degree. She was
nervous about being away from an educational environment for so long, and many things had changed, but after a few
rough weeks she was able to get comfortable and scored a 96 on her first exam. What enabled Loretta to succeed in this
new life experience?
a.
b.
c.
d.
89. Sandeep recently sent out questionnaires to 75 people who are participating in his research study on the link between
diet and academic performance. Which of the following terms best describes this group?
a.
population
b.
case
c.
sample
d.
cohort
90. Marcus agreed to have cameras set up in his apartment for a month as part of a research project. What type research is
Marcus likely participating in?
a.
case study
b.
naturalistic observation
c.
controlled experiment
d.
structured observation
91. Gina and Thuy are both research scientists. Gina is interested in the “nature” perspective of human development, and
Thuy is interested in the “nurture’ perspective. Which of the following methods would be more helpful to Gina than to
Thuy?
a.
structured observation
b.
fMRI
c.
naturalistic observation
d.
case study
92. What is the defining characteristic of experimental control?
a.
choosing a random sample
b.
modifying the dependent variable
c.
managing unrelated factors
d.
eliminating directionality impacts
93. Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?
a.
+.53
b.
−.64
c.
−.38
d.
+.29
94. Montell had a theory that decreasing teens’ use of social media would increase their level of anxiety. He conducted a
correlational study that produced a correlation coefficient of +.73 between the two variables. Based on this study, Montell
felt his theory was validated. What error did Montell make in attempting to prove his theory?
a.
conducting a correlational study
b.
focusing on a limited age cohort
c.
ignoring directionality problems
d.
not factoring in a third variable
95. A study that compares the verbal comprehension capacity of Baby Boomers to that of Millennials reflects what type of
research design?
a.
time-of-measurement
b.
cross-sectional
c.
sequential
d.
longitudinal
96. Which of the following best reflects a potential time-of-measurement effect when studying a particular cohort?
a.
experiencing Kennedy’s assassination
b.
getting German measles
c.
having alcoholic parents
d.
being one of triplets
97. Zack was recently hired as the fourth project director for a study that for seven years has been tracking the cognitive
development of a group of people who began first grade in 2005. What type of research is Zack overseeing?
a.
sequential
b.
cross-sectional
c.
longitudinal
d.
experimental
98. In which type of research might participants be able to “game the system” through repeated application of data
collection tools?
a.
sequential
b.
structured observation
c.
cross-sectional
d.
longitudinal
99. After auditing the records of participants in the clinic’s human development research, the board felt that many of the
subjects fit Henrich’s characterization as being WEIRD. This means that the participants were primarily.
a.
ethnic.
b.
educated.
c.
eastern.
d.
elite.
100. Dr. Hernandez was recently disciplined by her university’s review board for expressing ethnocentric ideas in a
journal article. Which of Dr. Hernandez’s statements likely led the board to its decision?
a.
Elderly Hispanics scored higher on tests of visual acuity than elderly Europeans.
b.
Hispanic parents are more loving and attentive than parents from other cultures.
c.
Hispanic children in the age 4 to 6 cohort demonstrated higher physical agility.
d.
Teenage Hispanic males have a higher drop-out rate than Asian or white peers.
101. Maturation refers to the gains that occur across the lifespan as the result of experiences.
a.
True
b.
False
102. A theory is a specific prediction generated by a hypothesis.
a.
True
b.
False
103. A random sample is always smaller than the population from which it is drawn.
a.
True
b.
False
104. In a structured observation a researcher creates a special condition designed to elicit some behavior of interest.
a.
True
b.
False
105. The main advantage of the correlational method is that it can be used to establish cause-effect relationships.
a.
True
b.
False
106. Cohort effects concern the impact of being born in one particular historical context rather than another.
a.
True
b.
False
107. Informed consent is typically obtained following a study.
a.
True
b.
False
108. From a developmental perspective, a person who has just turned 21 is not considered a child and is also not
considered an adult.
a.
True
b.
False
109. Developmental science does not attempt to solve challenges to human development.
a.
True
b.
False
110. The perception of a researcher causing harm to a study participant can differ across societies.
a.
True
b.
False
111. Define “development.” Then discuss and give examples of the three broad domains of interest to students of human
development.
112. What is the relationship between theories, hypotheses, and the scientific method?
113. You have been asked to conduct an experiment on whether a pill affects memory development. Please describe your
experiment by identifying the independent and dependent variable(s) you would select. Discuss how the variable(s) would
be manipulated.
114. What are age effects, cohort effects, and time of measurement effects, and how do researchers design studies to
control each effect?
115. Discuss the ethical concerns a researcher must consider before conducting a study using humans.
116. What are the concepts of age grade, age norms, and a social clock, and how could they be applied to you and your
life?
117. Using one person as a subject, give examples of experiences that demonstrate plasticity, the gain-loss dynamic, and
the influence of historical or cultural context on their development across the life span.
118. Describe a structured observation session that you would develop to study positive social behavior, such as sharing,
in young children.
119. Describe what researchers can – and cannot – learn about variables based on correlation studies, providing examples
with positive and negative coefficients. Also identify and describe two rival interpretations that can occur in correlational
research.
120. Explain the concept of a meta-analysis and how it is useful to human development researchers.