238
TEST BANK
CHAPTER 9: PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
Multiple Choice Questions
TB_09_01_Growth and Motor Development_LO 9.1_APA LO 1.1
What does your text suggest is the most significant physical development of middle childhood?
A) Boys overtake girls in height, weight, and motor skills.
B) Children experience an increased incidence of illnesses and a decreased risk of accidents.
C) There is improvement in fine motor coordination that makes it possible to write, play a musical instrument, paint,
and draw.
D) There is development of large motor skills that make possible activities such as running, kicking with alternating
feet, balancing, and throwing.
TB_09_02_Growth and Motor Development_LO 9.1_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following statements is correct regarding girls’ and boys’ physical development during middle
childhood?
A) Boys are more advanced than girls in the development of fine motor coordination.
B) Boys are more advanced than girls in their rate of growth in height.
C) Boys perform worse than girls in activities that require strength and speed.
D) Girls are more advanced than boys in skeletal and muscular maturation, which makes girls more coordinated.
TB_09_03_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 9.2_APA LO 1.1
Which areas of the brain undergo major growth spurts during middle childhood?
A) Sensory and motor areas and the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex
B) The limbic system and the cranial nerves
C) The cerebellum and the midbrain
D) Synaptogenesis and myelinization
239
TB_09_04_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 9.2_APA LO 1.1
The attention span of the average fourth-grader is much longer than that of the average first grader. Which of the
following biological changes is primarily responsible for this?
A) Increased growth of the corpus callosum
B) Continued myelination of the optic neurons and their connections to the occipital lobe
C) Continued myelination of the frontal lobes and reticular formation and the nerves that link the two
D) Rapid growth of the reticular formation
TB_09_05_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 9.2_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is an improvement in cognitive function as a result of brain growth and development in
middle childhood?
A) Selective attention
B) Person perception
C) Horizontal decalage
D) Systematic searching
TB_09_06_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 9.2_APA LO 1.1
In which part(s) of the brain are the sensory, motor, and intellectual functions linked together?
A) Association areas
B) Parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex
C) Cerebellum
D) Corpus callosum
TB_09_07_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 9.2_APA LO 1.1
You are a nurse who is asked to place an IV in a patient’s non-dominant arm. What ability allows you to tell where
the IV should be placed?
A) Association perception
B) Spatial perception
C) Selective attention
D) Relative right-left orientation
240
TB_09_08_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 9.2_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following abilities would be particularly important to a basketball player?
A) Relative right-left orientation
B) Spatial cognition
C) Spatial orientation
D) Left-to-right symmetry
TB_09_09_Health and Wellness_LO 9.3_APA LO 1.3
Bicycle accidents account for about ____ of all cases of traumatic brain injury.
A) 15%
B) 25%
C) 35%
D) 45%
TB_09_10_Health and Wellness_LO 9.3_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following pose the most significant health risks among school-aged children?
A) Infectious diseases, such as colds and influenza
B) Accidents and obesity
C) Stress
D) Environmental toxins and pollutants
TB_09_11_Health and Wellness_LO 9.3_APA LO 1.3
Laws requiring bicyclists to wear helmets are estimated to reduce death rates due to bicycle accidents by as much as
____.
A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 100%
241
TB_09_12_Health and Wellness_LO 9.3_APA LO 1.3
According to your textbook, almost 1 in ___ children between the ages of 6 and 11 are obese.
A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 10
TB_09_13_Health and Wellness_LO 9.3_APA LO 1.3
Children whose BMIs are between the 85th and 95th percentiles are classified as ___________.
A) Overweight
B) Obese
C) Severely obese
TB_09_14_Health and Wellness_LO 9.3_APA LO 1.3
Elevated cholesterol or high blood pressure among children is most closely associated with which of the following?
A) Asthma
B) Obesity
C) Their genetic predisposition
D) The abuse of weight-loss diets
TB_09_15_Health and Wellness_LO 9.3_APA LO 1.3
Public health officials believe that the current levels of obesity among children and adults in the United States can be
attributed to which of the following?
A) Increased genetic propensity to obesity
B) Cultural norms that value hearty appetites and plentiful food
C) Rejection of thin, angular body images
D) Decreased physical activity and increased consumption of high-calorie convenience food
242
TB_09_16_Language_LO 9.4_APA LO 1.1
Between the ages of 6 and 12, children add roughly how many words per year to their vocabulary?
A) 100 to 500
B) 1,000 to 2,000
C) 5,000 to 10,000
D) 20,000 to 30,000
TB_09_17_Language_LO 9.4_APA LO 1.1
Around what age are most children fully capable of engaging in fluent conversation with speakers of any age?
A) 6
B) 9
C) 11
D) 7
TB_09_18_Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage_LO 9.5_APA LO 1.1
Concrete operations permit children to understand
A) their own metacognitions.
B) language.
C) person perception.
D) relations among objects.
243
TB_09_19_Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage_LO 9.5_APA LO 1.1
Gabbie is trying to decide what to wear today. It is going to be raining this morning but should be clearing off later.
In addition, Gabbie knows that she has riding lessons after school, so she needs to take that into account when she
chooses her clothes. On top of that, today is the pep rally, meaning Gabbie is expected to wear her school colors. In
order to select an appropriate outfit without assistance, Gabbie must be capable of which of the following?
A) Reversibility
B) Decentration
C) Centration
D) Conservation
TB_09_20_Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage_LO 9.5_APA LO 1.1
Why would a group of preoperational children find magic tricks uninteresting?
A) Because they do not have the cognitive ability to make sense of the tricks.
B) Because they understand that the tricks are fake.
C) Because they don’t understand natural laws.
D) Because they are more attracted to activities that include movement.
TB_09_21_Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage_LO 9.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is an example of what Piaget termed concrete operations?
A) Reversibility
B) Abstract thinking
C) Automaticity
D) Centration
TB_09_22_Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage_LO 9.5_APA LO 1.1
A child who understands conservation of mass or volume would, of necessity, also understand which of the
following?
A) Animism
B) Object permanence
C) Metaphors and analogies
D) Reversibility
244
TB_09_23_Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage_LO 9.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following best defines inductive logic?
A) The ability to use experience to create a general principle
B) The ability to use a general principle to predict a specific outcome
C) An abstract concept related to conservation principles
D) The understanding that superficial changes to the appearance of an object do not change the essence or the reality
of the object
TB_09_24_Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage_LO 9.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is the best example of a child’s use of inductive logic?
A) Sean’s mother showed him an apple cut into two pieces and an apple cut into four pieces and asked him which
one was more apple. Sean was able to reply correctly, “They are the same.”
B) Beverly’s assignment in language arts class was to write a paper about what her life would be like if she were a
boy.
C) Imani’s teacher was kind on the first day of class. From that, he assumed that she is probably a nice person.
D) David has learned that he is better at language arts than math, so he has to spend more time and work harder on
his math lessons.
APA LO: 1.1
TB_09_25_Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage_LO 9.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following best defines deductive logic?
A) Reasoning based on hypothetical premises that requires the ability to use a general principle to predict a specific
outcome
B) The enhanced ability to see another’s perspective or point of view
C) The ability to analyze one’s memory skills and develop a strategy to remember more facts or dates
D) Understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can be reversed
245
TB_09_26_Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage_LO 9.5_APA LO 1.1
Anthony knows that not everyone goes to college, and that those who do are not guaranteed to graduate. From this,
he decided that college is probably difficult as well as time consuming. What type of logic did Anthony use to draw
these conclusions?
A) Productive logic
B) Deductive logic
C) Abstract logic
D) Inductive logic
TB_09_27_Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage_LO 9.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is the best example of a child’s use of deductive logic?
A) Sam’s mother showed him an apple cut into two pieces and an apple cut into four pieces and asked him which
one was more apple. Sam was able to reply correctly, “They are the same.”
B) For her assignment in language arts class, Lateefah wrote a paper about what her life would be like if she were a
boy.
C) Yousef has learned that if he is kind and cooperative with his peers, they will be nice to him.
D) Muhammed has learned that he is better at language arts than math, so he has to spend more time and work
harder on his math lessons.
TB_09_28_Direct Tests of Piaget’s View_LO 9.6_APA LO 1.1
If Doreen understands class inclusion, then she understands
A) what grade she will be in at school.
B) that dogs are mammals and that mammals are animals.
C) that the task of cleaning her room also includes the chore of taking her dirty clothes to the laundry.
D) that abstract principles apply to everyday life.
TB_09_29_Direct Tests of Piaget’s View_LO 9.6_APA LO 1.1
Siegler suggests that children’s cognitive development occurs with which of the following?
A) The acquisition of basic rules that are then applied to new problems on the basis of experience
B) The onset of abstract thinking skills
C) Improvements in metacognition
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TB_09_30_Direct Tests of Piaget’s View_LO 9.6_APA LO 1.1
In Robert Siegler’s research on problem solving, children who use Rule I
A) require special cognitive training to move beyond this level.
B) take into account only one dimension of a problem.
C) can use a formula to systematically compare relevant factors.
D) calculate and estimate using multiple dimensions or characteristics.
TB_09_31_Direct Tests of Piaget’s View_LO 9.6_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following represents the key contrast between Piaget’s and Siegler’s views on children’s cognitive
development?
A) Processing efficiency versus short-term storage capacity
B) Horizontal decalage versus relative left-right orientation
C) Metacognition versus executive processes
D) Age versus experience
TB_09_32_Advances in Information-Processing Skills_LO 9.7_APA LO 1.1
Which one of the following questions would be the focus of psychologists who use the information-processing
perspective to understand children’s cognitive development?
A) How does the efficient use of short-term memory capacity change with age?
B) How does one child’s cognitive ability compare to, or differ from, the average cognitive abilities of other
children of the same age?
C) What cognitive structures are common to all children?
D) How do children’s developing sensory capabilities and improving motor skills support their cognitive
development?
247
TB_09_33_Advances in Information-Processing Skills_LO 9.7_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is considered to be the basis of children’s cognitive development, according to most
theorists?
A) The age at which executive processes are developed
B) The emotional maturity that enables children to better discern the subtle aspects of their world
C) Increases in processing efficiency with age
D) The ability to develop and employ rules and strategies for problem-solving
TB_09_34_Advances in Information-Processing Skills_LO 9.7_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following terms do developmentalists use to refer to the ability to make efficient use of short-term
memory capacity?
A) Developmental processing
B) Capacity expansion
C) Processing efficiency
D) Expanded efficiency
TB_09_35_Advances in Information-Processing Skills_LO 9.7_APA LO 1.1
In support of the hypothesis that improved processing efficiency accounts for cognitive development, researchers
have found that children’s thinking and response time
A) are slower with maturation and increased experience.
B) get faster with age.
C) are determined by abilities to accommodate and assimilate new schemes.
D) are more determined by genetic factors than by environmental factors.
TB_09_36_Advances in Information-Processing Skills_LO 9.7_APA LO 1.1
When the teacher asked, “How many inches are there in a mile?” Carmen answered without having to pause to
compute the number of inches in a foot. Carmen’s skill is an example of which cognitive ability?
A) Metacognition
B) Elaboration
C) Automaticity
D) Conservation
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TB_09_37_Advances in Information-Processing Skills_LO 9.7_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following terms applies to thinking about how to think?
A) Knowledge
B) Metacognition
C) Abstract reasoning
D) Cognition
TB_09_38_Advances in Information-Processing Skills_LO 9.7_APA LO 1.1
A child who can tell you what study methods work best for different subjects or what subjects are hardest for her to
learn would be displaying which of the following skills?
A) Automaticity
B) Expertise
C) Deductive logic
D) Metacognition
TB_09_39_Advances in Information-Processing Skills_LO 9.7_APA LO 1.1
To help himself remember the colors of the visible spectrum, Cam said, “ROY G BIV,” where each color is
represented by a letter. This is an example of the use of which of the following?
A) Systematic searching
B) Inductive reasoning
C) Mnemonics
D) Rehearsal
TB_09_40_Advances in Information-Processing Skills_LO 9.7_APA LO 1.1
To help herself remember the items she was to get from the market, Anna repeated the five-item list over and over
under her breath. This is an example of which information-processing strategy?
A) Mnemonics
B) Systematic searching
C) Rehearsal
D) Organization
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TB_09_41_Advances in Information-Processing Skills_LO 9.7_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is one of the information processing strategies described in your text?
A) Harmonics
B) Meta-processing
C) Retrieval activation
D) Systematic searching
TB_09_42_Advances in Information-Processing Skills_LO 9.7_APA LO 1.1
According to your textbook, 3- and 4-year-olds are able to use scanning and systematic searching to do which of the
following activities?
A) They would be able to think of the type of toy they would like for their next birthday.
B) They would be able to think of their favorite cereal on a shelf while they are on their way to the grocery store.
C) They would be able to think of the color they want to paint their bedroom while in the paint store.
D) They would be able to choose their favorite color of crayon from a box.
TB_09_43_Advances in Information-Processing Skills_LO 9.7_APA LO 1.1
On which of the following does a child’s capacity for creativity depend?
A) The amount of knowledge they have about a topic
B) Their metacognitive skills
C) Their executive processing strategies
D) Their short-term memory abilities
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TB_09_44_Advances in Information-Processing Skills_LO 9.7_APA LO 1.1
Memory skills, metacognitive abilities, and problem solving strategies are all part of which of the following?
A) Supercognition
B) Mnemonics
C) Processing efficiency
D) Executive processes
TB_09_45_Literacy_LO 9.8_APA LO 1.1
A skill that is especially related to learning to read well in middle childhood is
A) spatial perception.
B) inductive logic.
C) elaboration.
D) phonological awareness.
TB_09_46_Literacy_LO 9.8_APA LO 1.1
During the middle childhood years, the main focus of education is on which of the following?
A) Problem-solving
B) Developing strategies to improve processing efficiency
C) Socialization
D) The ability to read and write
TB_09_47_Literacy_LO 9.8_APA LO 1.1
Mr. Henry likes to challenge his third-graders in their reading skills. He uses books that are just slightly above their
current level. When a student is struggling with a word, Mr. Henry takes the opportunity to teach the child a new
strategy for learning and speaking the word. Which approach to reading is Mr. Henry using?
A) Vygotsky’s zone of cognition approach
B) The balanced approach
C) Piaget’s formal operational approach
D) Signet’s insightful phonics approach
251
TB_09_48_Literacy_LO 9.8_APA LO 1.1
Reading researchers have found that poor readers tend to have the most difficulty with which of the following?
A) Sound-letter combinations
B) Spelling
C) Processing speed
D) Grammar rules
TB_09_49_Second-Language Learners_LO 9.9_APA LO 1.1
In 2009, there were just over _____________ English language learner school children in the U.S.
A) 100,000
B) 1,000,000
C) 11,000,000
D) 100,000,000
TB_09_50_Second-Language Learners_LO 9.9_APA LO 1.1
Phoebe came to the United States from Puerto Rico. She speaks very little English but is in a special class that
teaches her in both English and Spanish. Phoebe is in what type of program?
A) Bilingual education
B) Multi-lingual education
C) LED
D) ESL
TB_09_51_Second-Language Learners_LO 9.9_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following terms applies to those school children who are non-English-speaking, whether immigrant or
native-born?
A) Linguistically challenged
B) ELL
C) ESL
D) Second language proficient
252
TB_09_52_Second-Language Learners_LO 9.9_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following best summarizes the research regarding bilingual education?
A) The research is inconclusive about the best approach to second-language learning.
B) Home-based programs help students learn a second language faster than do school-based programs.
C) Submersion programs tend to help students adapt to a new language quickly and sustain long-term beneficial
effects.
D) A combination of home and school language education is most beneficial.
TB_09_53_Second-Language Learners_LO 9.9_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is an important component in helping ELL students perform well on achievement tests?
A) The achievement tests need to be given only in English.
B) Achievement tests should not be administered until after the third grade.
C) Teachers need to provide a transition to English-only curriculum.
D) Interpreters should be used to help the children with the achievement tests.
TB_09_54_Achievement and Intelligence Tests_LO 9.10_APA LO 1.1
When IQ tests are developed, the scores are determined by comparing individual students’ scores to an overall
average attained by giving the same test to large numbers of similar individuals. This process describes which of the
following strategies?
A) Generalization
B) Validation
C) Objectification
D) Standardization