208
TEST BANK
CHAPTER 8: SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD
Multiple Choice Questions
TB_08_01_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 8.1_APA LO 1.2
According to Freud, the development of the anal stage occurs between what ages in children?
A) 1 to 3 years
B) 3 to 5 years
C) 5 to 7 years
D) 7 to 9 years
TB_08_02_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 8.1_APA LO 1.2
The authors of your text describe the period of early childhood in terms of which of the following?
A) “Learning boundaries”
B) “Stepping out”
C) “Sensing autonomy”
D) “Parental infatuation”
TB_08_03_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 8.1_APA LO 1.2
Freud’s view of children’s development during the preschool years focuses on which two stages?
A) Autonomy and initiative
B) Oral and anal
C) Anal and phallic
D) Genital and anal
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TB_08_04_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 8.1_APA LO 1.2
According to Erikson, a preschooler’s development is centered on
A) improved manipulative and locomotor skills.
B) identification with the mother and the resulting competition for the father.
C) new mobility and the accompanying desire for autonomy.
D) increased operational efficiency and the expanded capacity of cognitive short-term storage space.
TB_08_05_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 8.1_APA LO 1.2
The preschool years, from age two to age six, include which two of Erikson’s stages of development?
A) Oral; phallic
B) Autonomy versus shame and doubt; initiative versus guilt
C) Trust versus mistrust; identity development versus confusion
D) Vertical relationships; naive psychological
TB_08_06_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 8.1_APA LO 1.2
Which of the following abilities initiates the Eriksonian crisis of initiative versus guilt?
A) The ability to plan
B) The ability to see another’s point of view
C) Altruism
D) Social referencing
TB_08_07_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 8.1_APA LO 1.2
Which of the following is a central theme that emerges from both Freud’s and Erikson’s view of development
during the preschool period?
A) Language, cognition, and motor skills are developmentally intertwined, and one aspect of development supports
other aspects of development.
B) Families must balance their children’s emerging skills and desire for autonomy with their parental need to protect
and control their children.
C) The basis for children’s social and personality development is their cognitive development.
D) Children’s sexual development is triggered by social and emotional interactions with peers.
210
TB_08_08_Social-Cognitive Perspectives_LO 8.2_APA LO 1.2
Children who are able to classify other people into groups such as “people who are nice” and “people who are
mean” are demonstrating which of the following?
A) Reciprocity of relationships
B) Person perception
C) Egocentrism
D) Perception-bound thought
TB_08_09_Social-Cognitive Perspectives_LO 8.2_APA LO 1.2
On which two factors do young children rely as they categorize or classify other people?
A) Their own internal models of attachment and their metacognitions about the other person
B) The other person’s moral rules and social graces
C) Their most recent interactions with the person and the other person’s observable characteristics
D) Their own powers of observation and previous social experiences with similar people
TB_08_10_Social-Cognitive Perspectives_LO 8.2_APA LO 1.2
According to your text, individuals are more likely to remember faces of people of their own race than those of a
different race. This demonstrates which of the following principles?
A) Racial stereotyping
B) Racial bias
C) Cross-race effect
D) Cross-racial bias effect
211
TB_08_11_Social-Cognitive Perspectives_LO 8.2_APA LO 1.2
By what age do children generally believe that it is more wrong for a child to hit another person than to forget to say
“please”?
A) One year
B) Two to three years
C) Four to five years
D) Six years
TB_08_12_Social-Cognitive Perspectives_LO 8.2_APA LO 1.2
Which of the following is an example of a social convention?
A) Holding a door open for a stranger
B) Pulling over when an ambulance with its sirens on is behind you
C) Not returning your neighbor’s chain saw after you borrowed it
D) A child not stealing the neighbor’s child’s bicycle
TB_08_13_Social-Cognitive Perspectives_LO 8.2_APA LO 1.2
Which of the following best summarizes young children’s understanding of intentions?
A) Young children understand that a person who does something intentionally wrong should be punished more
severely than someone who caused harm by accident.
B) Piaget was correct in his theory that young children are not capable of understanding intention.
C) Young children are more able to understand intentions than Piaget thought, but they are limited in their ability to
base judgment on intentions.
D) Young children can accurately decide how a wrong-doer should be punished, but they have no understanding of
intentionality.
TB_08_14_From Temperament to Personality_LO 8.3_APA LO 1.1
According to Li-Grining, how do children learn impulse control?
A) Impulse control is primarily a function of temperament, and impulsive children rarely grow out of it.
B) They learn through parental punishment.
C) Impulsivity simply diminishes over time.
D) They learn through social interactions that apply both positive reinforcement and negative punishment.
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TB_08_15_From Temperament to Personality_LO 8.3_APA LO 1.1
Tommy is a difficult child. How is this likely to influence Tommy’s social relationships?
A) He will look to friends for his social relationships.
B) He is likely to have difficulty forming social relationships.
C) He will look to teachers to replace the relationship to his parents.
D) He is at risk for developing antisocial personality disorder.
TB_08_16_Self-Concept_LO 8.4_APA LO 1.1
In early childhood, what characterizes the development of the emotional self?
A) Becoming experienced at recognizing other people’s emotions
B) Learning to differentiate and understand one’s own emotions
C) Learning to control one’s emotions
D) Acquiring complex emotions, such as shame or embarrassment
TB_08_17_Self-Concept_LO 8.4_APA LO 1.1
What is the term that describes a child’s ability to cheer themselves up when they are sad or calm themselves when
they are angry?
A) Emotional regulation
B) Impulse control
C) Self-categorization
D) Social inhibition
213
TB_08_18_Self-Concept_LO 8.4_APA LO 1.1
As the categorical self and the emotional self mature, what new component of self-concept is likely to develop?
A) Autonomous self
B) Self-esteem
C) Social self
D) Self-regard
TB_08_19_Self-Concept_LO 8.4_APA LO 1.1
What is Hoffman’s first stage of empathy development, which is characterized by an infant matching the strong
emotion of another?
A) Personal empathy
B) Egocentric empathy
C) Global empathy
D) Empathy for another’s feelings
TB_08_20_Self-Concept_LO 8.4_APA LO 1.1
Tyler saw that his mother was upset. He toddled over to her and tried to hand her his bottle, as if to comfort her.
Hoffman would say that Tyler is demonstrating which of the following?
A) Personal empathy
B) Global empathy
C) Egocentric empathy
D) Private empathy
TB_08_21_Self-Concept_LO 8.4_APA LO 1.1
Georgia feels sad whenever she sees homeless people. She worries that they are cold at night and may not have
enough to eat. Hoffman would suggest that Georgia is exhibiting which of the following?
A) Empathy for another’s life condition
B) Global empathy
C) Personal empathy
D) Empathy for another’s feelings
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TB_08_22_Self-Concept_LO 8.4_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following best describes egocentric empathy?
A) When a child understands that another person’s discomfort may be chronic rather than acute
B) When a baby cries at the sound of another child crying
C) When the child recognizes a wide range of emotions and responds accordingly
D) When a child attempts to ease another’s discomfort by offering something that they themselves would find
comforting
TB_08_23_Self-Concept_LO 8.4_APA LO 1.1
Guilt, shame, and pride are all examples of which of the following?
A) Empathetic emotions
B) Moral emotions
C) Social emotions
D) External emotions
TB_08_24_Self-Concept_LO 8.4_APA LO 1.1
According to Koenig, Cicchetti & Rogosch (2004), what is likely to happen to a child who does not have a warm
trusting relationship with their parents?
A) They will not develop moral emotions.
B) They will have low self-esteem.
C) They will not develop a social self.
D) They will not develop an emotional self.
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TB_08_25_Self-Concept_LO 8.4_APA LO 1.1
Kyle and Tawnie are playing school. Kyle is pretending to be the teacher and Tawnie is pretending to be the student.
Tawnie is well- behaved as a “student” and answers questions appropriately when Kyle asks them. Tawnie’s
behavior is an example of which of the following?
A) Role modeling
B) Gender modeling
C) Role rehearsal
D) Role scripts
TB_08_26_Explaining Gender Development_LO 8.5_APA LO 1.1
According to Freud, which of the following plays a key role in children’s development of a gender role concept and
a sex role?
A) Metacognition
B) Modeling
C) Reinforcement
D) Identification
TB_08_27_Explaining Gender Development_LO 8.5_APA LO 1.1
“The psychological and social associates and implications of biological sex” defines which of the following?
A) Sexual self
B) Gender
C) Social sexuality
D) Sexuality
TB_08_28_Explaining Gender Development_LO 8.5_APA LO 1.1
When 4-year-old Mariella thinks of activities, behaviors, or personal characteristics as being “for mommy” or “for
daddy,” she is using which of the following?
A) Gender stereotypes
B) Gender concepts
C) Gender schema
D) Sex-typing
216
TB_08_29_Explaining Gender Development_LO 8.5_APA LO 1.1
Gender schema theory grew out of which of the following perspectives?
A) Cognitive-behavioral
B) Social-learning
C) Information processing
D) Biosocial
TB_08_30_Explaining Gender Development_LO 8.5_APA LO 1.1
Crystal labels boys and girls according to their hairstyle and the types of clothes they wear. Crystal has not yet
developed which of the following?
A) Gender schema
B) Gender role
C) Gender script
D) Gender stereotyping
TB_08_31_Explaining Gender Development_LO 8.5_APA LO 1.1
Deion tells his mother that he will always be a boy and can never be a girl. This is an illustration of Deion’s grasp of
what principle?
A) Gender identity
B) Gender role
C) Gender schema
D) Gender constancy
TB_08_32_Explaining Gender Development_LO 8.5_APA LO 1.1
According to gender schema theory, which of the following will be true of a 5- or 6-year-old child?
A) They will label themselves correctly but others incorrectly in terms of gender.
B) They will allow for flexibility in gender roles.
C) They will assume that other children of their same gender will act differently than they do.
D) They will treat gender roles as absolute.
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TB_08_33_Explaining Gender Development_LO 8.5_APA LO 1.1
By what age does a child’s gender identity develop?
A) Six months
B) Two years
C) Three years
D) Four years
TB_08_34_Explaining Gender Development_LO 8.5_APA LO 1.1
A child’s ability to label his or her own sex correctly and to identify other people as men or women is called
__________.
A) Gender identity
B) Gender stability
C) Gender constancy
D) Gender complexity
TB_08_35_Explaining Gender Development_LO 8.5_APA LO 1.1
If Matthew understands gender stability, which of the following will he likely assume?
A) Specific activities and personal characteristics as “for girls” or “for boys”
B) That he will grow up and be a daddy
C) That he prefers to play with boys rather than girls
D) That Mommy will still be a girl even if she wears Daddy’s cap and overalls and does Daddy’s job of changing
the oil in the car
218
TB_08_36_Explaining Gender Development_LO 8.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following best summarizes the biological influence on the psychological differences between males
and females?
A) The presence or absence of testosterone prenatally has a strong influence on behavior.
B) The fetus’s receptivity to estrogen is the primary influence of gender roles.
C) Prenatally, the absence of testosterone will have a stronger influence on behavior than will the presence of
estrogen.
D) Prenatal hormones have very little, if any, influence on behavior and gender role.
TB_08_37_Sex-Role Knowledge_LO 8.6_APA LO 1.1
Multicultural studies have found similar gender stereotypes across cultures. Which of the following is a common
gender stereotype for men?
A) Intelligence
B) Sensitivity
C) Kindness
D) Competence
TB_08_38_Sex-Role Knowledge_LO 8.6_APA LO 1.1
Multicultural studies have found similar gender stereotypes across cultures. Which of the following is a common
gender stereotype for women?
A) Intelligence
B) Competence
C) Skillfulness
D) Soft-heartedness
TB_08_39_Sex-Role Knowledge_LO 8.6_APA LO 1.1
By what age have children figured out that gender is permanent?
A) 2–3 years
B) 4–5 years
C) 5–6 years
219
TB_08_40_Sex-Typed Behavior_LO 8.7_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is a style of communicating that usually involves girls using suggestions, support, and
agreement between themselves?
A) Constricting
B) Enabling
C) Facilitating
D) Sex-typed
TB_08_41_Sex-Typed Behavior_LO 8.7_APA LO 1.1
The constricting, or restrictive, pattern of interacting with playmates
A) is confined to close friends who exhibit loyalty to each other.
B) usually involves contradicting, boasting, or other types of self-display.
C) includes behaviors such as expressing agreement and making suggestions.
D) is most commonly used by female children playing together in small groups.
TB_08_42_Sex-Typed Behavior_LO 8.7_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is an accurate statement about cross-gender behavior in childhood?
A) Little girls who are tomboys will become adults who have masculinized personalities.
B) Cross-gender behavior by girls typically elicits disapproval from adults and peers.
C) Both girls and boys are encouraged to engage in cross-gender behavior so they will develop well-rounded
patterns of gender behavior.
D) Peers more often disapprove of cross-gender behavior in boys than girls.
TB_08_43_Sex-Typed Behavior_LO 8.7_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following terms is used to describe behavior that is not typical of one’s own gender?
A) Homosexual
B) Transgendered
C) Cross-typed
D) Cross-gender
220
TB_08_44_Attachment_LO 8.8_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is an accurate statement about the attachment relationships of children in early childhood?
A) Four- and five-year-olds who are securely attached to their parents are more likely than insecurely attached
children to have positive relationships with their preschool teachers.
B) A preschooler does not yet understand that relationships continue to exist in the absence of the attachment figure.
C) The nature of the attachment relationship does not change until about puberty.
D) The child’s internal model of attachment appears to generalize and become a property of all the child’s social
relationships at around age 18 months.
TB_08_45_Attachment_LO 8.8_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is the best description of Bowlby’s goal-corrected partnership?
A) The new level of attachment relationships that evolves around age four
B) Children’s ability to correct each other’s pretend play into a more cooperative interaction
C) Children’s desire to set tangible goals for their relationships with their friends
D) Children’s understanding of the concept of familiarity
TB_08_46_Parenting Styles_LO 8.9_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is the best example of the typical pattern of parents’ wishes for a two-year-old?
A) When his mother said, “Be careful! Don’t spill your juice!” Benjamin angrily threw the glass on the floor.
B) When her father said, “No, you can’t talk to Gramma now,” Elizabeth alternately whined and threw tantrums for
thirty minutes.
C) When his father said, “Let’s go, it is beginning to rain,” William said, “No! Won’t go!” and continued to play.
D) When Muhammed’s mother said, “Don’t touch that! It’s hot!” Muhammed pulled away from the stove.
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TB_08_47_Parenting Styles_LO 8.9_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following best defines the term parenting styles?
A) The strategies that parents employ to reward their children
B) The characteristic strategies that parents use to manage children’s behaviors
C) The temperamental tendencies that children show toward their children
D) The behavior that parents demonstrate when their children misbehave
TB_08_48_Parenting Styles_LO 8.9_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is one of the dimensions of family functioning conceptualized by Diana Baumrind in her
study of parenting styles?
A) Mother/father power sharing
B) Disobedience
C) Clear and consistent rules
D) Discipline
TB_08_49_Parenting Styles_LO 8.9_APA LO 1.1
The parenting style that is high in nurturance and low in maturity demands, control, and communication is
A) authoritarian.
B) permissive.
C) authoritative.
D) uninvolved.
TB_08_50_Parenting Styles_LO 8.9_APA LO 1.1
According to research, which parental characteristic is most consistently related to children’s secure attachments,
altruistic and empathetic behaviors, and school achievements?
A) Warmth and nurturance
B) Firm discipline
C) Egalitarian authority
D) Freedom and flexibility
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TB_08_51_Parenting Styles_LO 8.9_APA LO 1.1
Children with parents who have high maturity demands tend to exhibit which of the following personality traits?
A) Higher self-esteem
B) More noncompliance
C) Less generosity toward peers
D) More demanding of their parents
TB_08_52_Parenting Styles_LO 8.9_APA LO 1.1
Authoritarian and authoritative parents would vary most widely on which of the following dimensions of parenting?
A) Warmth and nurturance
B) Maturity demands
C) Control
D) Expectations
TB_08_53_Parenting Styles_LO 8.9_APA LO 1.1
Which parenting style has the most consistently positive outcomes?
A) Permissive
B) Authoritative
C) Submissive
D) Authoritarian
TB_08_54_Parenting Styles_LO 8.9_APA LO 1.1
Six-year-old Harry asks his mother if he can stay up until 9 P.M. on Friday night to watch a special educational TV
program. His mother says, “We’ll try it this once to see how it goes.” What is Harry’s mother’s parenting style?
A) Authoritarian
B) Authoritative
C) Neglectful
D) Punishing