Psychology Chapter 08 How do parenting styles affect children’s development?

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Skill: Apply What You Know

LO 8.9: How do parenting styles affect children’s development?

APA LO: 1.1

TB_08_55_Parenting Styles_LO 8.9_APA LO 1.1

Will rarely turns in his school work and does not seem concerned when he gets bad grades. His parents seem to love

him and they give him pretty much whatever he asks for and believe that most parents are too strict. When he was in

trouble at school, Will’s parents minimized the teacher’s concerns as silly and did not punish Will. Which parenting

style would you say best describes Will’s parents?

A) Authoritarian

B) Uninvolved

C) Authoritative

D) Permissive

TB_08_56_Parenting Styles_LO 8.9_APA LO 1.1

Which parenting style is associated with the most socially competent children?

A) Authoritarian

B) Authoritative

C) Permissive

D) Submissive

TB_08_57_Parenting Styles_LO 8.9_APA LO 1.1

When a child misbehaves and the parent responds by sticking to their rules, but does not assert unnecessary power

over the child, which parenting style is being used?

A) Neglectful

B) Permissive

C) Authoritative

D) Authoritarian

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TB_08_58_Parenting Styles_LO 8.9_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following might contribute to neglecting or uninvolved parenting?

A) Parental depression or overwhelming stress

B) Inadequate bonding time between parent and child

C) Low socioeconomic status

D) Immaturity of the parents

TB_08_59_Parenting Styles_LO 8.9_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following is the best example of inductive discipline?

A) As punishment for their careless mental mistakes during practice, the team had to run five extra laps.

B) Jarod was punished for fighting, even though the other child started the fight.

C) Beverly’s parents explained that she was being punished because it was wrong to take money from her mother’s

purse without permission.

D) Mr. Smith said, “Because I said so!” when his daughters asked why they were forbidden to go to the mall.

TB_08_60_Parenting Styles_LO 8.9_APA LO 1.1

Children who have difficult temperaments and enjoy risk-taking will likely respond best to which type of discipline?

A) Inductive

B) Authoritative

C) Corporal

D) Firm

TB_08_61_Developmental Science at Home_LO 8.9_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following is a negative consequence of spanking as a form of discipline?

A) Lower levels of aggression

B) Withdrawal from both parents

C) Modeling inflicting of pain to get what one wants

D) Emotional flattening

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TB_08_62_Developmental Science at Home_LO 8.9_APA LO 1.1

Under which circumstances might spanking be used as effective punishment?

A) To stop a behavior that might be harmful to the child

B) When there is no time to talk about the punishment before it is applied

C) When following the Premack principle

D) For children under the age of two

TB_08_63_Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Parenting Styles_LO 8.10_APA LO 1.1

In a study of how ethnicity and socioeconomic status interact with parenting styles, researchers found that which

parenting style was linked to positive outcomes for African American and Asian American adolescents?

A) Authoritative

B) Authoritarian

C) Permissive

D) Uninvolved

TB_08_64_Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Parenting Styles_LO 8.10_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following is the most likely reason that African American and Asian American families use an

authoritarian parenting style with their children?

A) Children are less valued than in other ethnic families.

B) They believe the parenting styles of the majority culture are ineffective.

C) Authoritarian parenting is consistent with cultural beliefs about children’s needs and lack of self-control.

D) Authoritarian parenting is believed to help children succeed and attain important goals.

TB_08_65_Family Structure_LO 8.11_APA LO 1.1

In the United States, approximately how many children live with both of their biological or adoptive parents?

A) 25%

B) 35%

C) 50%

D) 60%

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TB_08_66_Family Structure_LO 8.11_APA LO 1.1

Your text reports that, as of the year 2010, what percentage of children in the United States were living in two-

parent homes?

A) 25%

B) 40%

C) 55%

D) 70%

TB_08_67_Family Structure_LO 8.11_APA LO 1.1

What is the term sociologists use for the Native American tradition of viewing parenting as the responsibility of the

child’s entire family, including grandparents and aunts and uncles?

A) Community family

B) Structured family

C) Kin orientation

D) Family responsibility

TB_08_68_Family Structure_LO 8.11_APA LO 1.1

Which statement regarding family structure and ethnicity is true?

A) Teen pregnancy contributes dramatically to the issue of single motherhood.

B) Single parent families are more common among African Americans and Native Americans than other groups.

C) Single parent African Americans are more likely than other groups to marry.

D) Births to single women in the African American community have dropped in recent years.

TB_08_69_Family Structure_LO 8.11_APA LO 1.1

Children of gay or lesbian parents

A) are more likely to be homosexual than their peers.

B) are more intelligent than their peers.

C) develop sex-role identities in the same way as children of heterosexual parents.

D) experience sex-role identity confusion.

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TB_08_70_Divorce_LO 8.12_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following changes in children would one expect to see in the first few years after divorce?

A) They typically become more passive and compliant.

B) School performance usually improves.

C) They typically show more aggressive, defiant, or negative behavior.

D) If they are adolescent, they are less likely to experiment with drugs and alcohol.

TB_08_71_Understanding the Effects of Family Structure and Divorce_LO 8.13_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following is perhaps the most important factor that negatively affects children after a divorce?

A) The drop in income

B) The loss of the close relationship with the “absent” parent

C) The stress level of the custodial parent

D) The shift away from an authoritative parenting style

TB_08_72_Relating to Peers through Play_LO 8.14_APA LO 1.1

Justin borrowed a crayon from Jason. Both boys are coloring in separate coloring books. In what type of play are the

boys engaging?

A) Psychosocial

B) Associative

C) Parallel

D) Solitary

TB_08_73_Relating to Peers through Play_LO 8.14_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following is one reason a child might experience peer rejection?

A) Imitative play

B) Passive behavior

C) Poor group entry skills

D) Solitary play

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TB_08_74_Aggression_LO 8.15_APA LO 1.1

When four-year-old Deirdre wants an item or an activity, she will attack her parents with her fists until they

laughingly and protestingly give her what she wants. Her parents’ decision to give into Deidra’s demands in this

fashion

A) will eventually help her moderate and regulate her emotions by protecting her from frustration and unhappiness.

B) will be effective in teaching her prosocial behavior because their behavior will be a model for her.

C) is appropriate and understandable because unresolved conflict would not be an effective parenting strategy.

D) will reinforce her behavior and possibly create a long-lasting pattern of aggression and defiance.

TB_08_75_Prosocial Behavior and Friendships_LO 8.16_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following parental behaviors is linked to higher rates of altruistic or prosocial behavior in their

children?

A) Creating a loving and warm family environment

B) Not insisting that children do chores

C) Allowing children to set their own curfew

D) Attributing children’s altruistic behaviors to parental control

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Fill-in-the-Blank Questions

TB_08_76_Social-Cognitive Perspectives_LO 8.2_APA LO 1.2

Children who are able to classify other people into groups such as “people who are nice” and “people who are

mean” are demonstrating ________.

TB_08_77_Research Report_LO 8.2_APA LO 1.2

Minority children learn very early that some whites view them negatively, and most white children in English-

speaking countries understand their culture’s racial stereotypes and prejudices by about age ________.

TB_08_78_Social-Cognitive Perspectives_LO 8.2_APA LO 1.2

Studies suggest that children can make judgments about others’ intentions when they are personally motivated by a

desire to avoid ________.

TB_08_79_Self-Concept_LO 8.4_APA LO 1.1

While empathy develops fairly early, the more complex emotion of ________ occurs later in childhood and

adolescence.

TB_08_80_Self-Concept_LO 8.4_APA LO 1.1

Hoffman’s first stage of empathy development, which is characterized by an infant matching the strong emotion of

another, is called ________.

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TB_08_81_Self-Concept_LO 8.4_APA LO 1.1

Veronica feels sad whenever she sees homeless people. She worries that they are cold at night and may not have

enough to eat. Hoffman would suggest that Veronica is exhibiting ________.

TB_08_82_Explaining Gender Development_LO 8.5_APA LO 1.1

Freud believed that ________ plays a key role in children’s development of a gender role concept and a sex role.

TB_08_83_Sex-Typed Behavior_LO 8.7_APA LO 1.1

A style of communicating that usually involves girls using suggestions, support, and agreement between themselves

is called ________.

TB_08_84_Sex-Typed Behavior_LO 8.7_APA LO 1.1

Parents are more likely to discourage cross-gender behavior in ________ than in ________.

TB_08_85_Parenting Styles_LO 8.9_APA LO 1.1

The parenting style that is high in nurturance and low in maturity demands, control, and communication is

________.

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TB_08_86_Parenting Styles_LO 8.9_APA LO 1.1

The parenting style that is high in nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication is called ________.

TB_08_87_Understanding the Effects of Family Structure and Divorce_LO 8.13_APA LO 1.1

U.S. data suggests that a woman’s income level drops an average of ________% following divorce.

TB_08_88_Relating to Peers through Play_LO 8.14_APA LO 1.1

When Sherri plays by herself, she has a special way of arranging her doll collection. Sherri is involved in ________

play.

TB_08_89_Aggression_LO 8.15_APA LO 1.1

Instrumental aggression is generally directed to a(n) ________ ; hostile aggression is generally directed toward a(n)

________.

TB_08_90_Prosocial Behavior and Friendships_LO 8.16_APA LO 1.1

According to your text, some children show preferences for particular playmates as early as ________.

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Short Answer Questions

TB_08_91_Social-Cognitive Perspectives_LO 8.2_APA LO 1.2

What did Piaget say about young children’s ability to understand others’ intentions?

TB_08_92_Self-Concept_LO 8.4_APA LO 1.1

Andy is feeling sad, so he pulls one of his favorite toys from his toy box and starts making humming sounds. Soon,

he starts to feel happier. What behavior is Andy demonstrating?

TB_08_93_Self-Concept_LO 8.4_APA LO 1.1

List all four stages of Hoffman’s theory of empathy development.

TB_08_94_Explaining Gender Development_LO 8.5_APA LO 1.1

According to Freud, how do children acquire gender?

TB_08_95_Sex-Role Knowledge_LO 8.6_APA LO 1.1

Give an example of how a 3-or 4-year-old might apply a gender stereotype.

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TB_08_96_Sex-Typed Behavior_LO 8.7_APA LO 1.1

Which develops first, sex-typed behavior or ideas about sex roles?

TB_08_97_Parenting Styles_LO 8.9_APA LO 1.1

What are the four aspects of family functioning according to Diana Baumrind?

TB_08_98_Parenting Styles_LO 8.9_APA LO 1.1

List the four parenting styles outlined in your text.

TB_08_99_Parenting Styles_LO 8.9_APA LO 1.1

What is the purpose of using inductive discipline?

TB_08_100_Aggression_LO 8.15_APA LO 1.1

When is aggressive behavior most likely to happen in 4- to 8-year-olds?

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TB_08_101_Aggression_LO 8.15_APA LO 1.1

What are the characteristics of trait aggression?

TB_08_102_Prosocial Behavior and Friendships_LO 8.16_APA LO 1.1

What personality trait correlates with altruism in young children?

TB_08_103_Prosocial Behavior and Friendships_LO 8.16_APA LO 1.1

Quantify the nature of stable playmate relationships between 3 and 4 years of age.

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Essay Questions

TB_08_104_Social-Cognitive Perspectives_LO 8.2_APA LO 1.2

Describe the nature of a young child’s person perception in terms of stability. Apply your explanation to an

example.

TB_08_105_Research Report_LO 8.2_APA LO 1.2

Explain how children develop racist attitudes and what can be done by parents and teachers to prevent or correct

these attitudes.

TB_08_106_Self-Concept_LO 8.4_APA LO 1.1

Describe empathy and its development in children.

TB_08_107_Self-Concept_LO 8.4_APA LO 1.1

What are moral emotions? What is the importance of moral emotions and how do parent-child relationships

influence the development of these emotions?

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TB_08_108_Explaining Gender Development_LO 8.5_APA LO 1.1

Explain gender schema theory in terms of how it contributes to a child’s sense of gender.

TB_08_109_Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Parenting Styles_LO 8.10_APA LO 1.1

What does your text suggest about the difference in parenting styles and outcomes between families of differing

ethnicity and socio-economic status?

TB_08_110_Divorce_LO 8.12_APA LO 1.1

What do longitudinal research studies suggest about the effects of divorce on boys versus girls? What about

ethnicity and age?

TB_08_111_Prosocial Behavior and Friendships_LO 8.16_APA LO 1.1

At what age does prosocial behavior become apparent in children? What are some of the observable characteristics

of prosocial behavior?

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