180
TEST BANK
CHAPTER 7: PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD
Multiple Choice Questions
TB_07_01_Growth and Motor Development_LO 7.1_APA LO 1.1
Holding a pencil to write or draw requires which of the following?
A) Gross motor skills
B) Locomotion
C) Grappling skills
D) Fine motor skills
TB_07_02_Growth and Motor Development_LO 7.1_APA LO 1.1
Dr. Sarrett is giving five-year-old Teesa a pre-kindergarten physical examination. When Dr. Sarrett asks Teesa to
jump up and down and hop on one leg, what is she testing?
A) Fine motor skills
B) Gross motor skills
C) Habituation response
D) Intersensory integration
TB_07_03_Growth and Motor Development_LO 7.1_APA LO 1.1
During the preschool years, parents can expect their children to gain how many inches in height each year?
A) 2–3 inches
B) About an inch
C) 1/2–1 inch
D) 1–2 inches
181
TB_07_04_Growth and Motor Development_LO 7.1_APA LO 1.1
Preschoolers gain an average of how many pounds per year?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 6
TB_07_05_Growth and Motor Development_LO 7.1_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following activities would a two-year-old be LEAST able to do?
A) Hold a pencil between thumb and forefinger in the proper position for writing
B) Run across the room with arms outstretched to a parent
C) Pull a wagon up and down the sidewalk
D) Turn the pages of a book
TB_07_06_Growth and Motor Development_LO 7.1_APA LO 1.1
Olive is four years old. She would be able to participate in which of the following activities?
A) Throwing and catching a ball
B) Playing hopscotch
C) Skipping using alternating feet
D) Playing complex piano sonatas using alternating hands
TB_07_07_Growth and Motor Development_LO 7.1_APA LO 1.1
At what age is a child typically first able to run easily, climb on furniture unaided, pick up small objects, and throw a
small ball while standing?
A) 18–24 months
B) 2–3 years
C) 3–4 years
D) 4–5 years
182
TB_07_08_Growth and Motor Development_LO 7.1_APA LO 1.1
At what age can the average child begin to draw differentiated figures?
A) 24 months
B) 30 months
C) 36 months
D) 46 months
TB_07_09_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 7.2_APA LO 1.1
According to your text, early childhood is a period of optimum growth and maturation for which part of the brain?
A) The parasympathetic nervous system
B) The corpus callosum
C) Synapses
D) The sympathetic nervous system
TB_07_10_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 7.2_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following terms describes when the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex undergo
functional specialization?
A) Lateralization
B) Myelinization
C) Functionalization
D) Domination
TB_07_11_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 7.2_APA LO 1.1
According to neuroscientists, what is the primary determinant of which functions will or will not be lateralized?
A) Social experiences
B) Physical experiences
C) Genes
D) The hippocampus
183
TB_07_12_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 7.2_APA LO 1.1
What is the developmental process that is the impetus behind brain lateralization?
A) Having diverse social experiences
B) Learning and using language
C) Practicing locomotor, nonlocomotor, and manipulative skills
D) Socialization in social and cultural norms
TB_07_13_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 7.2_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following brain structures regulates attention and concentration?
A) Reticular formation
B) Hippocampus
C) Cerebral cortex
D) Hypothalamus
TB_07_14_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 7.2_APA LO 1.1
Infantile amnesia is most likely due to which of the following?
A) Growth of the corpus callosum
B) Maturation of the connections between the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex
C) Massive pruning of the synapses in the hippocampus
D) Lateralization of the right hemisphere
TB_07_15_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 7.2_APA LO 1.1
A friend tells you that he has very vivid memories of an event that happened when he was two years old. Which of
the following statements is probably true regarding this recollection?
A) It may actually be a result of verbal recollections and storytelling from adults in his life.
B) Memories of events that were laid down in the brain prior to age 3 are usually accurate and complete.
C) Theories of infantile amnesia would likely support your friend’s recollections.
D) Research has shown that approximately 50% of adults can accurately and completely recall memories prior to
age 3.
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LO 7.2: What important changes happen in the brain during these years?
APA LO: 1.1
TB_07_16_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 7.2_APA LO 1.1
Approximately what percentage of people worldwide is left-handed?
A) 14%
B) 26%
C) 45%
D) 50%
TB_07_17_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 7.2_APA LO 1.1
Recent research supports the theory that handedness is the result of which of the following?
A) Social experiences
B) Physical experiences
C) Cultural norms
D) Genetics
TB_07_18_Health and Wellness_LO 7.3_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following is true regarding nutrition during the early childhood years?
A) Food aversions often develop during the preschool years.
B) If a child seems to have no appetite, it is important to tempt the child to eat by providing sweets or other
preferred food.
C) Young children eat more nutritiously than babies do.
D) Most children consume the majority of their daily calories by eating regular meals.
TB_07_19_Health and Wellness_LO 7.3_APA LO 1.3
What percentage of children in the U.S. are at risk of being overweight by the time they start school?
A) 8%
B) 12%
C) 16%
D) 25%
185
TB_07_20_Developmental Science at Home_LO 7.3_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following is a suggestion made by pediatricians to help children develop effective bedtime practices?
A) Allow the child to sleep with the parents on occasion.
B) Eliminate transitional objects that have been reserved for bedtime.
C) All children under age 13 should be in bed by 6 P.M.
D) Provide the child with a structured, predictable daytime schedule.
TB_07_21_Health and Wellness_LO 7.3_APA LO 1.3
What does your book suggest about children’s eating habits?
A) If a child shows little appetite, allow him to eat his favorite foods for a while—even if they are sweets.
B) Parents should set a regular pattern for meals and insist the child eat everything on her plate as a way of trying
new things.
C) Parents of young children should keep a daily food diary until the child is about 3 years old.
D) Allow the child’s appetite to guide to how much food he eats.
TB_07_22_Health and Wellness_LO 7.3_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following children tend to be more prone to illness?
A) Those who are less physically active
B) Those who have difficult temperaments
C) Those who live in stressful conditions
D) Those who have insecure attachment
TB_07_23_Health and Wellness_LO 7.3_APA LO 1.3
Parents can expect their preschoolers to get a cold
A) 1–2 times a year.
B) 3–4 times a year.
C) 4–5 times a year.
D) 6–7 times a year.
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TB_07_24_Health and Wellness_LO 7.3_APA LO 1.3
What is the major cause of death of preschool and school-age children in the United States?
A) Child abuse
B) Congenital diseases
C) Macronutrient malnutrition
D) Accidents
TB_07_25_Abuse and Neglect_LO 7.4_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following is correct with regard to child abuse in the United States?
A) There are clearly defined criteria for what constitutes parental neglect or abuse.
B) There are laws requiring that child abuse be reported to the authorities.
C) There is a general consensus across cultures on what constitutes maltreatment of children.
D) There is often a tendency to assume parents are the abusers.
TB_07_26_Abuse and Neglect_LO 7.4_APA LO 1.3
In the United States, most cases of child abuse involve which of the following?
A) Sexual abuse
B) Abandonment
C) Neglect
D) Physical injuries
TB_07_27_Abuse and Neglect_LO 7.4_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following is an example of a sociocultural influence that could make physical abuse of children more
likely?
A) The belief that children have rights
B) Social norms for humane treatment of children
C) The belief that children are property
D) Stressful employment conditions
187
TB_07_28_Abuse and Neglect_LO 7.4_APA LO 1.3
Stephen was abused before being placed in foster care. He frequently has nightmares about the abuse and even has
flashbacks of the abuse during the day. He has difficulty concentrating at school and is falling behind academically.
From which of the following is Stephen likely suffering?
A) Generalized anxiety disorder
B) Child neglect and abuse syndrome
C) Depression
D) Posttraumatic stress disorder
TB_07_29_Abuse and Neglect_LO 7.4_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following characteristics increases the risk that a child would be abused?
A) Being taller and heavier than age peers
B) Having higher intelligence
C) Having a high activity level
TB_07_30_Abuse and Neglect_LO 7.4_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following is associated with a higher risk of child abuse?
A) Parental depression
B) Full-time employment
C) Higher intelligence in the child
D) Families with only one child
188
TB_07_31_Piaget’s Preoperational Stage_LO 7.5_APA LO 1.1
According to Piaget, at about age two, children begin to use which of the following in their thinking?
A) Abstractions
B) Symbols
C) Operations
D) Comparisons
TB_07_32_Piaget’s Preoperational Stage_LO 7.5_APA LO 1.1
The understanding that one object or behavior can represent another defines which of the following functions?
A) Symbiotic
B) Semiotic
C) Abstract
D) Objective
TB_07_33_Piaget’s Preoperational Stage_LO 7.5_APA LO 1.1
When Mickey was five, he gave his mother a dead frog for her birthday. Mickey didn’t understand why his mother
didn’t like her gift, because he thought the frog was cool. This represents what type of thinking?
A) Egocentric
B) Polygenic
C) Arbitrary
D) Abstract
TB_07_34_Piaget’s Preoperational Stage_LO 7.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of Piaget’s stages is characterized by symbolic representation and egocentrism?
A) Postformal
B) Formal operational
C) Sensorimotor
D) Preoperational
189
TB_07_35_Research Report_LO 7.5_APA LO 1.1
Darius holds his hairbrush to his mouth and sings as if the hairbrush is a microphone. This is an example of what
type of play?
A) Associative
B) First pretend
C) Substitute pretend
D) Abstract
TB_07_36_Research Report_LO 7.5_APA LO 1.1
All of the children on Hazel Street have spent the morning building a tree house from scraps of wood and other
building materials acquired from a nearby construction site. This is an example of
A) sensorimotor play.
B) substitute pretend play.
C) sociodramatic play.
D) constructive play.
TB_07_37_Research Report_LO 7.5_APA LO 1.1
Sylvia loves to play with her toy telephone. When she holds the receiver to her face and calls “Hi!” she is engaging
in which type of play?
A) Sensorimotor
B) First pretend play
C) Substitute pretend play
TB_07_38_Research Report_LO 7.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is a type of play that demonstrates cognitive development consistent with the stages
identified by Piaget?
A) Isolatory play
B) Substitute pretend play
C) Enigmatic play
D) Creative exploratory play
190
TB_07_39_Research Report_LO 7.5_APA LO 1.1
At about what age do children begin to prefer rule-governed or formal games?
A) By age two
B) By age three or four
C) By age five or six
D) From nine to twelve years of age
TB_07_40_Piaget’s Preoperational Stage_LO 7.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is true according to Piaget’s concept of conservation?
A) The ability rarely occurs before age nine.
B) The ability requires the ability to see the perspective of others.
C) It means that a child will not be fooled by an apparent change in volume if water is poured from a short, wide
glass into a taller, thinner glass.
D) It requires the ability to mentally manipulate symbolic external characteristics in the absence of visual cues.
TB_07_41_Piaget’s Preoperational Stage_LO 7.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following best describes centration?
A) When a child focuses only on one aspect of a problem or situation at a time
B) When the child believes that everyone else thinks and feels as they do
C) When the child understands that an object’s quantity remains the same even if its shape changes
D) When the child believes that they are the center of the family
TB_07_42_Theories of Mind_LO 7.7_APA LO 1.1
A set of ideas that a child constructs to explain other people’s ideas, beliefs, desires, and behaviors is known by
which of the following?
A) Perspective
B) Theory of mind
C) Metacognition
D) Meta-awareness
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TB_07_43_Theories of Mind_LO 7.7_APA LO 1.1
Bryce and Tracy made their parents “breakfast” using the plastic food that came with their toy kitchen play center.
They giggled because they knew their parents would be fooled until they tried to pick up the fake food. Their
understanding that their parents would figure out the game when they had the plates in their hands is because Bryce
and Tracy both understand
A) the false-belief principle.
B) conservation.
C) centration.
D) egocentrism.
TB_07_44_Theories of Mind_LO 7.7_APA LO 1.1
In the studies by Flavell (1999), children were presented with a box on which there were pictures of candy. Three
and four-year-old children believed that the box contained candy. The children saw that the box contained crayons
once it was opened. The three-year-old believed that other children would believe that the box contained crayons
instead of candy. This demonstrates which principle?
A) The theory of mind
B) The false-belief principle
C) Underdevelopment of short-term memory
D) Conservation
TB_07_45_Theories of Mind_LO 7.7_APA LO 1.1
Knowledge of words such as want, need, and think is associated with the development of
A) the theory of mind.
B) conservation.
C) sensorimotor skills.
D) centration.
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TB_07_46_Alternative Theories of Early Childhood Thinking_LO 7.8_APA LO 1.1
According to Case, working memory is also known as which of the following?
A) Metamemory
B) Short-term storage space
C) Mid-range memory
D) Operational memory
TB_07_47_Alternative Theories of Early Childhood Thinking_LO 7.8_APA LO 1.1
According to Case’s neo–Piagetian explanation of children’s cognitive development, the key limitation in the
cognitive ability of a younger child, compared to an older child, is the younger child’s
A) less operationally efficient short-term storage space for handling cognitive schemes.
B) fewer and less diverse educational and social experiences.
C) greater egocentrism.
D) undeveloped theory of mind.
TB_07_48_Alternative Theories of Early Childhood Thinking_LO 7.8_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following refers to a child’s ability to think about or evaluate the quality of her thinking?
A) Critical thinking
B) Intelligence
C) Metacognition
TB_07_49_Alternative Theories of Early Childhood Thinking_LO 7.8_APA LO 1.1
What is the term that describes the ability to control and reflect on your own memory functions?
A) Metamemory
B) Abstract thinking
C) Metacognition
D) Semantic memory construction
193
TB_07_50_Alternative Theories of Early Childhood Thinking_LO 7.8_APA LO 1.1
Evan is getting ready for bed. He knows that he must brush his teeth before putting on his pajamas. What is Evan
demonstrating?
A) A script
B) Procedural memory
C) Short-term memory
D) Working memory
TB_07_51_Alternative Theories of Early Childhood Thinking_LO 7.8_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is a stage in cognitive development from birth to age seven, according to Vygotsky’s theory
of cognitive development?
A) Expressive stage
B) Conservation stage
C) Altruistic stage
D) Private speech stage
TB_07_52_Alternative Theories of Early Childhood Thinking_LO 7.8_APA LO 1.1
A three-year-old child who uses language as a guide to solving problems, such as saying “Put it there” to himself as
he builds a tower of blocks, is using which of the following?
A) Egocentric scaffolding
B) Naive psychology
C) Social speech
D) Private speech
TB_07_53_Alternative Theories of Early Childhood Thinking_LO 7.8_APA LO 1.1
According to Vygotsky, in which stage do infants learn through conditioning, until language begins to develop
during the second year?
A) Private speech stage
B) Primitive stage
C) Sociocultural stage
D) Naive psychology stage