166
TB_06_52_Self-Concept_LO 6.11_APA LO 1.1
How does a child develop a subjective self?
A) By recognizing himself in the mirror
B) By recognizing her personal characteristics
C) Through developing a personality
D) By understanding her ability to have an effect on her environment
TB_06_53_Research Report_LO 6.10_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following statements about gender and temperament is true?
A) Boys are generally more sociable than girls.
B) Girls are more emotionally intense that boys.
C) Boys tend to show more fear responses than girls do.
D) Temperament differences between boys and girls are smaller than what is perceived by parents and other adults.
TB_06_54_Research Report_LO 6.10_APA LO 1.1
Taniya and Daniel are the parents of a well-behaved, predictable, and easy-going daughter. Their neighbors Doug
and Diane have a daughter whom they consider to be a tomboy because she likes to play ball and rough-and-tumble
activities in the yard. This is an example of which of the following?
A) Temperamental stereotyping
B) Gender differences
C) Temperamental gender typing
D) Gender dysfunction
167
TB_06_55_Self-Concept_LO 6.11_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is another term for the objective self?
A) Categorical self
B) Subjective self
C) Irrational self
D) Regulated self
TB_06_56_Self-Concept_LO 6.11_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following best describes the toddler’s understanding that he or she is defined by membership in
various categories, such as gender or personality characteristics?
A) Subjective self
B) Superficial self
C) Objective self
D) Inhibited self
TB_06_57_Self-Concept_LO 6.11_APA LO 1.1
Grasping the objective self requires which of the following?
A) Self-recognition
B) Self-subjection
C) Self-attachment
D) The existential self
TB_06_58_Self-Concept_LO 6.11_APA LO 1.1
Megan is a toddler who participated in an experiment. Her mother placed a dot of rouge on her nose and sat her in
front of a mirror to see if she would reach for either the mirror or her own nose in order to touch the red spot. If
Megan reaches for her own nose, she is demonstrating
A) self-awareness.
B) self-envy.
C) self-exploration.
D) self-examination.
168
TB_06_59_Self-Concept_LO 6.11_APA LO 1.1
At what age will a toddler show a sharp increase in self-awareness?
A) 9–12 months
B) 13–17 months
C) 18–20 months
D) 21–24 months
TB_06_60_Self-Concept_LO 6.11_APA LO 1.1
Research suggests that infants can identify changes in the emotions expressed in others’ faces by what age?
A) 2–3 months
B) 4 months
C) 5 months
D) 6–9 months
TB_06_61_Self-Concept_LO 6.11_APA LO 1.1
When an infant demonstrates an understanding of the emotions of others and how those emotions affect behavior,
and also understands his or her own emotions and their expression, they are demonstrating their
A) conscious self.
B) social self.
C) personal self.
D) emotional self.
TB_06_62_Self-Concept_LO 6.11_APA LO 1.1
At what age do self-conscious emotions typically arise?
A) 18 months
B) 30 months
C) 34 months
D) 36 months
169
TB_06_63_Self-Concept_LO 6.11_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is a self-conscious emotion?
A) Depression
B) Hunger
C) Pride
D) Happiness
TB_06_64_Effects on Physical and Cognitive Development_LO 6.13_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is probably to blame when explaining discrepancies in research findings related to day care
and its influence on cognitive development?
A) Studies involving day care fail to account for the size of the facility and number of children enrolled.
B) Studies that relate to impoverished children are more accurate if the studies are small.
C) Too many studies focus on the problems of middle class children but not impoverished children.
D) There is a discrepancy in the level of stimulation a child would receive at home versus day care.
TB_06_65_Effects on Physical and Cognitive Development_LO 6.13_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following groups of children is most likely to benefit the most from non-familial day care?
A) Children who are physically active
B) Children from homes that are highly enriched
C) Children from affluent homes
D) Children from poor homes
TB_06_66_Effects on Physical and Cognitive Development_LO 6.13_APA LO 1.1
All-in-all, what seems to be the most important factor in cognitive development in children?
A) Frequent interaction between caregiver and child
B) Appropriate levels of stimulation
C) The temperament of the caregiver
D) The temperament of the child
170
TB_06_67_Effects on Social Development_LO 6.14_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following statements about social development and day care is true?
A) Children in nonparental care seem to have a higher rate of insecure attachment than children with exclusively
maternal care.
B) Children in nonparental care show no substantive differences in attachment from children cared for exclusively
by their parents.
C) There is a heightened risk of insecure attachment in children placed in day care after the age of 1.
D) Parental behaviors are more associated with social development if the day care arrangements are unstable.
TB_06_68_Effects on Social Development_LO 6.14_APA LO 1.1
According to your text, kindergartners who had spent as few as _____ hours per week in nonparental care showed
more aggressive behavior than their peers.
A) 10
B) 25
C) 30
D) 40
TB_06_69_Interpreting Research on Nonparental Care_LO 6.15_APA LO 1.1
What is the name of the stress hormone that has been linked to differences in behavior of children in day care versus
children reared exclusively at home?
A) Thyroxine
B) Cortisol
C) Testosterone
D) Estrogen
171
TB_06_70_Developmental Science at Home_LO 6.15_APA LO 1.1
With regard to children’s play areas, which of the following characteristics of toys is more important than quantity?
A) Variety
B) Quality
C) Complexity
D) Cognitive integrity
TB_06_71_Developmental Science at Home_LO 6.15_APA LO 1.1
What is the suggested group size for infants in day care?
A) 12–14 children
B) 6–8 children
C) 8–10 children
D) 10–12 children
TB_06_72_Developmental Science at Home_LO 6.15_APA LO 1.1
For children younger than 2, the teacher/child ratio should be no higher than _____.
A) 1:2
B) 1:3
C) 1:4
D) 1:6
TB_06_73_Developmental Science at Home_LO 6.15_APA LO 1.1
Jaslin is a caregiver in a local day care. Parents often describe her as involved, positive, and responsive to the
children. Jaslin would be defined as what type of caregiver?
A) Sympathetic
B) Knowledgeable
C) Well-organized
D) Sensitive
172
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
TB_06_74_Ethological Perspectives_LO 6.2_APA LO 1.1
An emotional bond formed with a caregiver is called ________.
TB_06_75_The Parents’ Attachment to the Infant_LO 6.3_APA LO 1.3
Gregory cries and his mother responds immediately. When he coos at his mother, she smiles and cuddles him.
Developmentalists would say that this is an example of ________.
TB_06_76_The Infant’s Attachment to the Parents_LO 6.4_APA LO 1.3
The type of attachment seen in phase 3 of Bowlby’s attachment theory is called ________.
TB_06_77_The Infant’s Attachment to the Parents_LO 6.4_APA LO 1.3
When infants cry and protest at being left with someone other than their primary caregivers, developmentalists label
it ________.
TB_06_78_The Infant’s Attachment to the Parents_LO 6.4_APA LO 1.3
________ is an infant’s use of cues from her primary caregiver as a guide for her own emotions.
173
TB_06_79_Variations in Attachment Quality_LO 6.5_APA LO 1.3
________ children show no interest in contact with their mothers following a separation. These children do not
specifically resist the mothers’ efforts—but they do not seek much contact. They show no preference for their
mothers over a stranger.
TB_06_80_Variations in Attachment Quality_LO 6.5_APA LO 1.3
________ attachment is characterized by dazed or confused behavior by the infant, with a contradictory pattern of
responding to the primary caregiver.
TB_06_81_Dimensions of Temperament_LO 6.9_APA LO 1.1
Activity level, emotionality, and persistence are all dimensions of ________.
TB_06_82_Dimensions of Temperament_LO 6.9_APA LO 1.1
________ is a pattern of responding to people and objects in the environment.
TB_06_83_Dimensions of Temperament_LO 6.9_APA LO 1.1
Keisha is typically happy, but does not care for changes in her routine. She spits out new foods rather than swallow
them; she ignores new toys for a while before she accepts them to play. Eventually, she is back to her usual happy
self. Keisha’s temperament is probably ________.
174
TB_06_84_Dimensions of Temperament_LO 6.9_APA LO 1.1
If Chandra is an easy child, she will have lower levels of ________ and higher levels of ________ with positive
emotions.
TB_06_85_Origins and Stability of Temperament_LO 6.10_APA LO 1.1
Frontal lobe ________ is a neurological issue associated with shyness.
TB_06_86_Self-Concept_LO 6.11_APA LO 1.1
Another name for the objective self is ________.
TB_06_87_Self-Concept_LO 6.11_APA LO 1.1
Research suggests that infants can identify changes in the emotions expressed in others’ faces at age ________.
TB_06_88_Developmental Science at Home_LO 6.15_APA LO 1.1
The suggested teacher/child ratio for 2- to 3-year-olds in day care is ________.
175
Short Answer Questions
TB_06_89_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 6.1_APA LO 1.1
What is Freud’s view of the relationship between a mother and young infant?
TB_06_90_Ethological Perspectives_LO 6.2_APA LO 1.1
At what age do children begin to create internal models of their parental relationships? By what age do children have
a clear model of their parents and themselves?
TB_06_91_The Parents’ Attachment to the Infant_LO 6.3_APA LO 1.3
What determines a father and mother’s bond with infants? Are there differences between the ways fathers and
mothers interact with very young infants?
TB_06_92_The Infant’s Attachment to the Parents_LO 6.4_APA LO 1.3
List, in order, Bowlby’s four phases of attachment behaviors.
TB_06_93_Variations in Attachment Quality_LO 6.5_APA LO 1.3
List some of the behaviors you would expect to see in a child with an insecure/ambivalent attachment.
176
TB_06_94_Caregiver Characteristics and Attachment_LO 6.6_APA LO 1.3
What effect do verbally aggressive arguments between parents have on six-month-old infants?
TB_06_95_Cross-Cultural Research on Attachment_LO 6.8_APA LO 1.3
List three countries in which children are likely to be less securely attached than children in the U.S.
TB_06_96_Dimensions of Temperament_LO 6.9_APA LO 1.1
Identify the characteristics of the slow-to-warm-up child.
TB_06_97_Origins and Stability of Temperament_LO 6.9_APA LO 1.1
What does neurological research show to be an effect of asymmetry of the frontal lobes of the brain?
TB_06_98_Origins and Stability of Temperament_LO 6.10_APA LO 1.1
What does the term goodness-of-fit mean?
177
TB_06_99_Research Report_LO 6.11_APA LO 1.1
What two factors are likely to contribute to gender differences in temperament?
TB_06_100_Self-Concept_LO 6.11_APA LO 1.1
Define objective self. What is another term for objective self?
TB_06_101_Self-Concept_LO 6.11_APA LO 1.1
What happens to an infant’s emotional expression as it begins to comprehend others’ emotional expressions?
TB_06_102_Effects on Physical and Cognitive Development_LO 6.13_APA LO 1.1
What determines whether a child placed in day care will develop a normal range of vocabulary?
TB_06_103_Interpreting Research on Nonparental Care_LO 6.15_APA LO 1.1
On average, what are the differences between children in nonparental care and their home-reared peers?
178
Essay Questions
TB_06_104_Variations in Attachment Quality_LO 6.5_APA LO 1.3
Explain what is meant by stability of attachment. Summarize the factors and the research findings that contribute to
stability of attachment.
TB_06_105_Cross-Cultural Research on Attachment_LO 6.8_APA LO 1.3
Describe where the United States stands in relation to other countries in terms of securely attached infants. Give
your informed and educated opinion as to why the U.S. stands where it does statistically.
TB_06_106_Dimensions of Temperament_LO 6.9_APA LO 1.1
List the three types of temperament that apply to about 75% of children. Give an example of each.
TB_06_107_Origins and Stability of Temperament_LO 6.10_APA LO 1.1
Identify two neurological processes or structures that influence temperament. Explain how these processes affect
temperament.
179
TB_06_108_Research Report_LO 6.10_APA LO 1.1
Summarize what the research says about gender differences in temperament.
TB_06_109_Self-Concept_LO 6.11_APA LO 1.1
Describe the research that has been done to determine when children develop a sense of self. At what age do
children show a sharp increase in self-awareness?
TB_06_110_Effects on Social Development_LO 6.14_APA LO 1.1
Explain the differences that you would likely notice between a child raised at home with insecure parents and a child
who spends 5 or more hours/day in day care who also has insecure parents.
TB_06_111_Developmental Science at Home_LO 6.15_APA LO 1.1
Summarize the six characteristics of a high quality day-care center.