152
TEST BANK
CHAPTER 6: SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY
Multiple Choice Questions
TB_06_01_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 6.1_APA LO 1.1
During the first of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development, the child derives satisfaction from stimulation of
which body part?
A) The mouth
B) The genitals
C) The eyes
D) The ears
TB_06_02_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 6.1_APA LO 1.1
Which term would Freud use when referring to the interdependence between mother and child?
A) One-way
B) Symbiotic
C) Dual
D) Monotonous
TB_06_03_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 6.1_APA LO 1.1
_________ conducted ingenious research which demonstrated that infant monkeys become attached to a terrycloth-
covered “mother” and would cling to it rather than a wire mother that provided them with food.
A) Freud
B) Erikson
C) Piaget
D) Harlow
153
TB_06_04_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 6.1_APA LO 1.1
C.J. gains comfort through eating and drinking. She also cries to gain attention from her parents or to express
discomfort. Freud would say that C.J. is in which stage of development?
A) Symbiotic
B) Dependent
C) Anal
D) Oral
TB_06_05_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 6.1_APA LO 1.1
What is the crisis of Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development?
A) Oral versus anal
B) Independence versus reliance
C) Interdependence versus symbiosis
D) Trust versus mistrust
TB_06_06_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 6.1_APA LO 1.1
Bart depends on his mother for everything he needs. When he cries, she responds with food or a clean diaper or a
cuddle. Erikson would say that Bart’s mother is helping him resolve the conflict known as
A) trust versus mistrust.
B) the oral stage.
C) fear versus comfort.
D) the dependent stage.
TB_06_07_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 6.1_APA LO 1.1
In the Harlow monkey studies, with which “mother” did the infant monkeys spend the most time?
A) The mother without a bottle or terrycloth
B) The mother with the bottle
C) The mother covered in terrycloth
D) The mother with a bottle and covered in terrycloth
154
TB_06_08_Ethological Perspectives_LO 6.2_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following suggests that humans need and seek to form relationships early in life as a matter of
genetics?
A) Psychosexual theory
B) Psychosocial theory
C) Symbiosis theory
D) Attachment theory
TB_06_09_Ethological Perspectives_LO 6.2_APA LO 1.1
According to Bowlby’s theory of attachment, which of the following will a child have developed by age 5 years?
A) An internal model that includes self, mother, and relationships in general
B) An external model that includes self, mother, and relationships in general
C) An internal model that includes only self and the primary caregiver
D) An internal model that includes self, and mother, but excludes a model of the father
TB_06_10_Ethological Perspectives_LO 6.2_APA LO 1.1
_________ is most associated with the view that infants are biologically predisposed to form emotional bonds with
caregivers and that the characteristics of those bonds shape later social and personality development.
A) Freud
B) Erikson
C) Harlow
D) Bowlby
155
TB_06_11_No Easy Answers_LO 6.2_APA LO 1.1
According to your text, which statement about adopted children is true?
A) Adopted children have fewer adjustment problems once they are old enough to understand that their adoption
means that they were “chosen.”
B) Children who are adopted by the age of 6 months, with no history of institutionalization or abuse, are generally
indistinguishable from nonadopted children.
C) Children who are adopted by age 10 are indistinguishable from nonadopted children, provided that they are
adopted into loving homes.
D) Only 10% of adoptive children who come from abusive backgrounds ever actually have problems later on.
TB_06_12_The Parents’ Attachment to the Infant_LO 6.3_APA LO 1.3
Chad cries and his mother responds immediately. When he coos at his mother, she smiles and cuddles him.
Developmentalists would say that this is an example of which of the following?
A) Maternity
B) Synchrony
C) Multiplicity
D) Duplicity
TB_06_13_The Parents’ Attachment to the Infant_LO 6.3_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following statements about attachment is true?
A) Fathers appear to be incapable of many of the same attachment behaviors as mothers.
B) Attachment to fathers is not as strong because mothers have a biological advantage.
C) Attachment is enhanced through a consistent pattern of attachment behaviors.
TB_06_14_The Parents’ Attachment to the Infant_LO 6.3_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following statements about attachment is true?
A) Contact immediately after birth is the most significant factor in attachment.
B) Fathers’ behavior with infants is different from the behavior of mothers even immediately after birth.
C) By age 6 months, infants display distinctive patterns of responding to mother-father differences.
D) Babies tend to laugh and wriggle around more with their mothers, but their behavior with their fathers is more
subdued.
156
TB_06_15_The Infant’s Attachment to the Parents_LO 6.4_APA LO 1.3
When a child is in phase 2 of Bowlby’s attachment sequence, which of the following behaviors would they most
likely exhibit?
A) The child will seek out a primary caregiver as a “safe base.”
B) The child will not distinguish between familiars and others in terms of smiling or beckoning behavior.
C) The child will be less likely to beckon strangers.
D) The child will begin to imagine the outcomes of her behavior before exhibiting the behavior.
TB_06_16_The Infant’s Attachment to the Parents_LO 6.4_APA LO 1.3
Freddie is two months old. He smiles and coos at almost everyone he meets. Bowlby would say that Freddie is in
which phase of attachment?
A) Nonfocused orienting and signaling
B) Focus on one or more figures
C) Secure base behavior
D) Internal model
TB_06_17_The Infant’s Attachment to the Parents_LO 6.4_APA LO 1.3
Yong Park is nine months old. Lately when his mother tries to leave him in the church nursery, he cries and clings to
his mother. His seems especially anxious if there is a new worker in the nursery. Considering his age, Yong Park is
probably experiencing which of the following?
A) Social referencing
B) Bonding anxiety
C) Attachment disorder
D) Separation anxiety
157
TB_06_18_The Infant’s Attachment to the Parents_LO 6.4_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following is a term applied to an infant’s cry and protest at being left with someone other than their
primary caregivers?
A) Separation anxiety
B) Stranger anxiety
C) Bonding anxiety
D) Social referencing
TB_06_19_The Infant’s Attachment to the Parents_LO 6.4_APA LO 1.3
Some infants between 6 and 16 months experience a fear of people they do not know. Which of the following terms
best identifies this fearful phase that seems to disappear as quickly as it came?
A) Stranger anxiety
B) Separation anxiety
C) Social referencing
D) Affect dysregulation
TB_06_20_The Infant’s Attachment to the Parents_LO 6.4_APA LO 1.3
Callie, age 11 months, went to the circus with her mother. When a clown came bouncing up to Callie’s stroller,
Callie was anxious and looked at her mother. When Callie’s mother began to laugh at the clown, Callie joined in the
laughter. Callie’s behavior is called
A) affective regulation.
B) social referencing.
C) stranger anxiety.
D) bonding dependence.
TB_06_21_The Infant’s Attachment to the Parents_LO 6.4_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following best exemplifies social referencing?
A) Tom’s father scolds Tom for being angry at his sister.
B) Tom’s father uses a light mood and a smile to transition Tom from an angry state to a calmer one.
C) Tom’s mother shows Tom pictures of different emotional expressions so that he can learn to imitate them.
D) Tom’s mother takes him away from his friends when he becomes angry at one of them for taking his toy.
158
TB_06_22_Variations in Attachment Quality_LO 6.5_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following terms is used to describe children who readily separate from their caregivers and seem to
enjoy exploring their surroundings?
A) Securely attached
B) Affectively attached
C) Irregularly attached
D) Insecurely attached
TB_06_23_Variations in Attachment Quality_LO 6.5_APA LO 1.3
A child shows no interest in contact with her mother following a separation. This child does not specifically resist
the mothers’ efforts, but she will not seek much contact. She shows no preference for her mother over a stranger.
Which of the following best describes this child?
A) Securely attached
B) Insecure/avoidant
C) Secure/resistant
D) Insecure/disorganized
TB_06_24_Variations in Attachment Quality_LO 6.5_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following is a recognized category of attachment?
A) Formalized
B) Unstructured
C) Chaotic
D) Insecure/ambivalent
159
TB_06_25_Variations in Attachment Quality_LO 6.5_APA LO 1.3
What is the term associated with expressions of discomfort, such as crying, when removed from an attachment
figure?
A) Stranger anxiety
B) Separation anxiety
C) Insecure attachment
D) Avoidant attachment
TB_06_26_Caregiver Characteristics and Attachment_LO 6.6_APA LO 1.3
When Mason cries, his mother responds by picking him up. When he coos, his mother talks to him. She smiles when
he smiles. These are examples of which of the following?
A) Reinforcement schedules
B) Classical conditioning
C) Maternal behavior shaping
D) Contingent responsiveness
TB_06_27_Caregiver Characteristics and Attachment_LO 6.6_APA LO 1.3
Julie’s mother is extremely busy with her job, which she does at home. On some days, Julie’s mom is responsive
and attentive, while other days she is so overwhelmed by work that she is emotionally unavailable. Which of the
following attachment styles is Julie likely to develop?
A) Secure/Ambivalent
B) Insecure/Ambivalent
C) Insecure/Detached
D) Insecure/Disorganized
TB_06_28_Caregiver Characteristics and Attachment_LO 6.6_APA LO 1.3
According to your textbook, which of the following is a predictor of attachment quality?
A) Marital status
B) Child’s gender
C) Ethnicity
D) Number of other children
160
TB_06_29_Caregiver Characteristics and Attachment_LO 6.6_APA LO 1.3
If a mother is chronically and severely depressed, which of the following would you likely see in her child?
A) Synchrony
B) Secure attachment
C) Decreased likelihood of mental illness in the future
D) Insecure attachment
TB_06_30_Caregiver Characteristics and Attachment_LO 6.6_APA LO 1.3
According to your textbook, why would parental marital status make a difference in the development of attachment
in infants?
A) There is more conflict between unmarried parents than married parents.
B) Unmarried parents typically suffer from depression more than married parents.
C) Unmarried parents typically have a higher level of education than married parents.
D) Unmarried parents typically are poorer than married parents.
TB_06_31_Long-Term Consequences of Attachment Quality_LO 6.7_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following statements is true about attachment?
A) Securely attached infants have no greater social skills once they reach adolescence than insecurely attached
infants.
B) Insecure avoidant infants are less likely as adolescents to act out sexually.
C) Attachment relationships are more critical to adult intimate relationships than other types of relationships.
D) Parents with a history of insecure attachment are more likely to view their infants negatively.
TB_06_32_Cross-Cultural Research on Attachment_LO 6.8_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following countries has the greatest percentage of securely attached children?
A) Great Britain
B) Japan
C) United States
D) Germany
161
TB_06_33_Cross-Cultural Research on Attachment_LO 6.8_APA LO 1.3
What did researchers find in cross-cultural studies of attachment?
A) Insecure attachment was more common in western cultures.
B) European countries value independence, fostering insecure attachment.
C) Avoidant children were more common in Israel and Japan.
D) Secure attachment is the most common pattern in the eight countries studied.
TB_06_34_Cross-Cultural Research on Attachment_LO 6.8_APA LO 1.3
What is unique about the Efe culture with regard to child rearing?
A) Children typically have only one primary caregiver.
B) Children are raised by their fathers, not their mothers.
C) Children are raised by the entire community.
D) Children are left to fend for themselves as soon as they are able to walk.
TB_06_35_Personality, Temperament, and Self-Concept_LO 6.9_APA LO 1.1
The emotional and behavioral predispositions present at birth are thought to be the foundation of personality. These
predispositions are collectively referred to as
A) foundations.
B) temperament.
C) moods.
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TB_06_36_Dimensions of Temperament_LO 6.9_APA LO 1.1
Roberto is 11 months old. He smiles a lot, is generally cheerful, and shows little anxiety around strangers. Which
type of temperament does Roberto have?
A) Difficult
B) Slow-to-warm-up
C) Easy
D) Approachful
TB_06_37_Dimensions of Temperament_LO 6.9_APA LO 1.1
Your neighbor Sarah told you that her two children were obviously very different and it was noticeable right from
birth. According to Sarah, her son was fussy and rarely slept through the night, while her daughter was calm and
adapted very easily to any situation. Sarah is describing which aspect of her children’s differing personalities?
A) Attachment pattern
B) Patterns of sociability
C) Temperament
D) Mood
TB_06_38_Dimensions of Temperament_LO 6.9_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following terms is used to describe the temperament of children who are less regular with their body
functions and slower to develop stable eating and sleeping patterns?
A) Difficult
B) Slow-to-warm-up
C) Easy
D) Secure
TB_06_39_Dimensions of Temperament_LO 6.9_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is the best definition of temperament?
A) The typical pattern of responses that a child shows when angry or frustrated.
B) One of three personality patterns displayed by children.
C) Inborn behavioral and emotional predispositions that form the basis of personality.
163
TB_06_40_Dimensions of Temperament_LO 6.9_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following are described in terms of activity level, distractibility, and persistence?
A) Types of infant personalities
B) Personality dimensions
C) Dimensions of temperament
D) Characteristics of self-concept
TB_06_41_Dimensions of Temperament_LO 6.9_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is one of the dimensions proposed by researchers who study temperament?
A) Activity level
B) Personality
C) Intelligence
D) Perceptual skills
TB_06_42_Dimensions of Temperament_LO 6.9_APA LO 1.1
Approach/positive emotionality is one aspect of the
A) ethnology of temperament.
B) dimensions of temperament.
C) responses to temperament.
D) origins of temperament.
TB_06_43_Dimensions of Temperament_LO 6.9_APA LO 1.1
What is the opposite of approach/positive emotionality/sociability?
A) Inhibition
B) Irrationality
C) Irregularity
D) Introspection
164
TB_06_44_Dimensions of Temperament_LO 6.9_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following refers to an infant’s relative tendency to move often and vigorously?
A) Hyperactivity
B) Activity level
C) Effortful control
D) Motor sociability
APA LO: 1.1
TB_06_45_Origins and Stability of Temperament_LO 6.10_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is true regarding the long-term stability of temperament?
A) The research data varies greatly, so we can’t draw any reliable conclusions on the longevity of temperament.
B) Temperament remains stable through the age of 2 years, but then it becomes unpredictable.
C) Difficult children tend to demonstrate the greatest level of instability in temperament.
D) Most studies have found that the basic temperament of a child stays relatively stable into children’s later years.
TB_06_46_Origins and Stability of Temperament_LO 6.10_APA LO 1.1
Which two neurotransmitters regulate the brain’s response to new information and unusual situations?
A) Adrenaline; noradrenaline
B) Adrenaline; dopamine
C) Dopamine; noradrenaline
D) Dopamine; serotonin
TB_06_47_Origins and Stability of Temperament_LO 6.10_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is associated with shyness?
A) Temporal lobe deficiency
B) Frontal lobe asymmetry
C) Occipital lobe favoring
D) Cortical stimulation
165
TB_06_48_Origins and Stability of Temperament_LO 6.10_APA LO 1.1
________ is the process of selecting experiences based on temperament.
A) Self-fulfilling prophecy
B) Self-regulation
C) Hypothetical placement
D) Niche picking
TB_06_49_Origins and Stability of Temperament_LO 6.10_APA LO 1.1
Research correlates neurological differences with differences in temperament. What is a basic argument against the
conclusions drawn from this data?
A) The relationship between brain structure and shyness is illusory.
B) Environmental influences can alter brain structure just as brain structure can alter behavior.
C) Since it is correlational data, no conclusions can be drawn.
D) Environmental influences have a greater influence on behavior than do differences in brain structure.
TB_06_50_Origins and Stability of Temperament_LO 6.10_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following best summarizes the findings of the research conducted by Hou, Chen, & Chen (2005) on
parental influences of temperament?
A) Parental behavior at age 1 predicted temperament at age 7.
B) Parental behavior had little influence on changes in temperament.
C) Parental behavior at age 4 predicted behavioral inhibition at age 7.
D) Parental behavior positively impacted temperamental changes.
TB_06_51_Self-Concept_LO 6.11_APA LO 1.1
What is another term for subjective self?
A) Existential self
B) Objective self
C) Metacognitive self
D) Rational self