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TEST BANK
CHAPTER 5: COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY
Multiple Choice Questions
TB_05_01_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1
According to Piaget, ____________________ describe a baby’s simple repetitive actions that are organized around
the baby’s own body.
A) primary circular reactions
B) secondary circular reactions
C) tertiary circular reactions
D) principle circular reactions
TB_05_02_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1
According to Piaget, _____________________ describe repetitive actions oriented around external objects.
A) primary circular reactions
B) secondary circular reactions
C) tertiary circular reactions
D) principle circular reactions
TB_05_03_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1
According to Piaget, ______________________ describe deliberate experimentation with variations of previous
actions that occur in the sensorimotor period.
A) primary circular reactions
B) secondary circular reactions
C) tertiary circular reactions
D) principle circular reactions
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TB_05_04_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1
What is Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development?
A) Sensory accommodations
B) Preoperations
C) Sensorimotor
D) Concrete operations
TB_05_05_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1
Gregory is a six-month-old baby boy. He is learning about his environment through touching things, putting things
in his mouth, and scooting around on the floor. According to Piaget, Greg is in which stage of cognitive
development?
A) Preambulatory
B) Preoperations
C) Concrete operations
D) Sensorimotor
TB_05_06_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1
Chun Lee sticks anything in his mouth that he can get his hands on. He has also started looking in the general
direction of sounds that he hears. Chun Lee is exhibiting which of the following?
A) Primary circular reactions
B) Secondary circular reactions
C) Coordination of secondary schemes
D) Tertiary circular reactions
TB_05_07_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1
Glynnis is 14 months old. She is trying out new things, playing with her toys, and manipulating objects in new
ways—experimenting with her environment. Glynnis is in which substage of Piaget’s first cognitive stage?
A) Primary reflexes
B) Primary circular reactions
C) Tertiary circular reactions
D) Mental representation
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TB_05_08_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is the best description of tertiary circular reactions?
A) The child uses letters and pictures to represent their internal world.
B) The child engages in purposeful “scientific” exploration, initially through trial-and-error processes.
C) These are the beginnings of accommodation. The child learns that objects have more than one use.
D) The child learns that when an object or person disappears, it continues to exist.
TB_05_09_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1
Dominic is eight months old. He sees a toy that he wants to play with, but it is out of reach. He uses the toy in his
hand to drag the out-of-reach toy closer. What is Dominic demonstrating?
A) Reflexive behavior
B) Coordination of secondary schemes
C) Mental representation
D) Means-end behavior
TB_05_10_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1
In which substage of Piaget’s sensorimotor cognitive development will babies look for partially hidden objects?
A) First
B) Second
C) Third
D) Fourth
TB_05_11_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1
Piaget argued that imitating other people’s facial gestures was a complex skill because it required what?
A) Deferred imitation
B) Mental representation
C) Combining visual and kinesthetic cues
D) Combining cross-modal perceptions with cognitive awareness
126
TB_05_12_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1
By what age does your text suggest that most infants develop the understanding that objects still exist even when
they are out of the infant’s sight?
A) 3 months
B) 4 months
C) 9 months
D) 12 months
TB_05_13_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1
In which substage did Piaget suggest that children can first imitate the facial expressions of others?
A) Two
B) Three
C) Four
D) Five
TB_05_14_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1
When a child looks for an object in the place where it was last seen and gives up if it is not there, what type of logic
are they demonstrating?
A) The A-not-B error
B) Representational logic
C) The error of object permanence
D) Trial-and-error logic
TB_05_15_Challenges to Piaget’s View_LO 5.2_APA LO 1.1
According to your text, which of the following statements is correct concerning challenges to Piaget’s theories?
A) Piaget’s assessments of infants have been largely discredited by modern researchers.
B) Piaget underestimated the cognitive abilities of infants.
C) Piaget overestimated the cognitive abilities of infants.
D) Piaget failed to take ethnicity into account when he studied infants.
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TB_05_16_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1
Vernon is a 14-month-old toddler. His family laughs when he waves bye-bye because he seems to be waving at
himself. Piaget would attribute this twist on the bye-bye wave to which of the following ideas?
A) Children learn gestures through object permanence.
B) Deferred imitation is impossible until age two or later.
C) Children simply imitate what they see.
D) Caregiver involvement dictates the level of sensory development.
TB_05_17_Challenges to Piaget’s View_LO 5.2_APA LO 1.1
What did research carried out by Herbert, Gross & Hayne in 2006 demonstrate regarding deferred imitation?
A) That the longest that a child under 14 months of age can defer imitation is 3 to 4 hours
B) That a 14-month-old can defer imitation for up to a week
C) That deferred imitation doesn’t happen until at least 18 months of age
D) That 9-month-olds can defer their imitation for as long as 24 hours
TB_05_18_Alternative Approaches_LO 5.3_APA LO 1.1
A child’s understanding of the nature of objects, their properties, and how they work defines which of the
following?
A) Object relations
B) Object concept
C) Object permanence
D) Objectification
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TB_05_19_Alternative Approaches_LO 5.3_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following terms is used to describe a strategy in which researchers move an object in a way that the
infant does not expect?
A) Violation-of-object-permanence method
B) Violation-of-expectations method
C) Violation-of-object-concept method
D) Violation-of-experience method
TB_05_20_Alternative Approaches_LO 5.3_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is a correct statement regarding the research of Renee Baillargeon?
A) Strategies for learning are innate.
B) Knowledge about objects is present at birth.
C) Knowledge about learning is not innate.
D) Strategies for learning are learned.
TB_05_21_Conditioning and Modeling_LO 5.4_APA LO 1.1
Your text refers to studies involving nursing mothers who were inadvertently smothering their infants a little by
holding them improperly during feeding. The babies’ responses were usually to resist nursing. This study was used
to illustrate which of the following concepts at work in infant learning?
A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Deferred imitation
D) Limited reinforcement
TB_05_22_Schematic Learning_LO 5.5_APA LO 1.1
What is the term that describes the organization of experiences into expectancies?
A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Modeling
D) Schematic learning
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TB_05_23_Conditioning and Modeling_LO 5.4_APA LO 1.1
Permanent changes in behavior that result from experience are examples of
A) procession.
B) learning.
C) molding.
D) conservation.
TB_05_24_Conditioning and Modeling_LO 5.4_APA LO 1.1
When an infant cries, the caregiver responds by picking up the child, changing a diaper, or feeding. These actions by
the caregiver serve as reinforcements, increasing the likelihood that the child will again communicate certain needs
by crying. This demonstrates that even an infant learns through which type of conditioning?
A) Operant
B) Classical
C) Observational
D) Modeling
TB_05_25_Schematic Learning_LO 5.5_APA LO 1.1
Kayla was given several different brightly colored balls to play with, one after the other. After about ball number
seven, Kayla seemed to lose interest. When she was given a stuffed animal, she showed renewed interest. This
renewed interest is due, in part, to which of the following?
A) Categorizing
B) Schematograms
C) Reinforcement
D) Superordinates
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TB_05_26_Schematic Learning_LO 5.5_APA LO 1.1
Repeated exposure to particular experiences results in the development of “known” combinations of activities, or
expectancies. This describes which of the following?
A) Observational processing
B) Schematic learning
C) Operant conditioning
D) Classical conditioning
TB_05_27_Schematic Learning_LO 5.5_APA LO 1.1
In terms of understanding, which of the following is not usually seen until around age five and is linked to language
development?
A) Conservation
B) Complex categories
C) Grouping
D) Hierarchical categorization
TB_05_28_Memory_LO 5.6_APA LO 1.1
Rovee-Collier demonstrated that forgotten infant memories can be retrieved by using which of the following?
A) Word association
B) Cues
C) Modeling
D) Interpretation of schemes
TB_05_29_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1
If an infant is babbling and accidentally babbles something that sounds like a real word, the child’s parents show
interest and encouragement. That encouragement reinforces the child’s “accidental word,” leading to further
attempts to form such words. This example demonstrates which of the following views of language development?
A) Naturalist
B) Behaviorist
C) Interactionist
D) Nativist
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TB_05_30_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following theorists is credited with the development of the behaviorist perspective of language?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Abraham Maslow
D) Noam Chomsky
TB_05_31_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1
Tina babbles and her mother responds to her by imitating the sounds Tina makes. This would appear to refute the
belief that
A) early language is the result of reinforcement of correct sounds.
B) early language is an example of stimulus-response theory.
C) language acquisition results from imitation.
D) language is based on fundamental operating principles.
TB_05_32_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1
In some languages, nouns and verbs are stressed sounds, and children who speak those languages seem to learn
nouns and verbs first. In other languages, prefixes and suffixes are stressed, and children learn those sounds first.
This idea that children are preprogrammed to focus on “stressed” sounds is a part of which view of language
development?
A) Empiricist
B) Nativist
C) Naturalist
D) Behaviorist
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TB_05_33_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1
Children learn rules of grammar before they learn the exceptions to them. In other words, the errors they make in
language are associated with rules, not random patterns, as behaviorists suggested. This criticism represents the
ideas of whom?
A) Noam Chomsky
B) Alfred Adler
C) Melissa Bowerman
D) Sigmund Freud
TB_05_34_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1
The abbreviation LAD refers to which of the following?
A) An acquired process of language development
B) A learned language processor
C) An innate language processor
D) A language directional device
TB_05_35_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1
What terminology would some theorists use to describe the innate language processor that children are born with?
A) Language acquisition device
B) Critical element
C) Innate translator
D) Lingual understanding processor
TB_05_36_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1
An interactionist would see which of the following as a shortcoming of the nativists’ approach to language
development?
A) They place too much emphasis on the environment.
B) They rely too much on the parent-child interaction.
C) The interactionists and the nativists use the same approach to language development.
D) They pay too little attention to social context.
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TB_05_37_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1
Which perspective asserts that language development is only a part of the process of cognitive development?
A) Cognitive
B) Interactionist
C) Naturalist
D) Nativist
TB_05_38_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1
What is the basis of interactionist theory?
A) That infants are born with innate restraints with regard to language development, and the infant brain has a set of
general tools that help them to develop language
B) That infants are born with a set of general tools that help them to develop language, and that these tools must be
nurtured
C) That infants are born with biological preparedness with regard to language development, and the infant brain has
a set of general tools that help them to develop language
D) That infants have no inherent language abilities—all of their language skills must be learned
TB_05_39_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1
“When language starts to come in, it does not introduce new meanings to the child. Rather, it is used to express only
those meanings the child has already formulated independently of language.” This statement would most likely be
made by whom?
A) A naturalist
B) An empiricist
C) A nativist
D) An interactionist
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TB_05_40_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1
Among children whose language is significantly delayed, researchers have also noted that imitation and symbolic
play are significantly delayed. This finding supports which view of language development?
A) LAD
B) Interactionist
C) Nativist
D) Naturalist
TB_05_41_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1
Children combine several gestures in their pretend play at around the same time that they first show two or three-
word sentences in their speech. This supports which view of language development?
A) LAD
B) Interactionist
C) Nativist
D) Naturalist
TB_05_42_Influences on Language Development_LO 5.8_APA LO 1.1
Most of us speak in high-pitched voices when speaking to a young child. Which of the following terms best
describes this type of speaking?
A) Infant-directed speech
B) IDA
C) LAD
TB_05_43_Influences on Language Development_LO 5.8_APA LO 1.1
Reece said, “Go bye–bye?” His mother replied, “Yes, we are going to go bye–bye.” Reece’s mother’s response is an
example of which of the following?
A) Babyese
B) Infant speak
C) IDS
D) LAD
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TB_05_44_Developmental Science in the Classroom_LO 5.8_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following statements is correct?
A) Interactive language between adult and child is of minimal help in fostering language development.
B) Bedtime stories are good for little more than helping the child fall to sleep.
C) Infants remember a story just as well when it is read to them by a computer as when their mother reads it.
D) Dialogic reading is part of Whitehurst’s strategy.
TB_05_45_Early Milestones of Language Development_LO 5.9_APA LO 1.1
When a baby makes repetitive vowel sounds, such as the UUU sound, the baby is performing which of the
following?
A) Cooing
B) Babbling
C) Muttering
D) Mumbling
TB_05_46_Early Milestones of Language Development_LO 5.9_APA LO 1.1
Brody is entertaining himself and his mother with his repetitious “dadadada, babababa” as if he just likes the sound
of his own voice. What is Brody doing?
A) Babbling
B) Cooing
C) Muttering
D) Recasting
TB_05_47_Early Milestones of Language Development_LO 5.9_APA LO 1.1
Babbling with a rising intonation seems to signal
A) the onset of language reception.
B) a desire for a response.
C) anger.
D) boredom.
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TB_05_48_Early Milestones of Language Development_LO 5.9_APA LO 1.1
By the age of 13 months, research suggests that babies have a receptive language store of about how many words?
A) 20–30
B) 40
C) 45–60
D) 100
TB_05_49_Early Milestones of Language Development_LO 5.9_APA LO 1.1
A child’s understanding of words is known by which of the following?
A) Expressive language
B) Receptive language
C) Biased language
D) Productive language
TB_05_50_Early Milestones of Language Development_LO 5.9_APA LO 1.1
At what age do infants tend to develop a kind of gestural language, using gestures or a combination of gestures and
sounds?
A) 13–14 months
B) 6–7 months
C) 18–19 months
D) 9–10 months
TB_05_51_The First Words_LO 5.10_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following terms describes a child’s ability to produce language accurately?
A) Expressive language
B) Receptive language
C) Repetitive language
D) Holophrasing
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TB_05_52_The First Words_LO 5.10_APA LO 1.1
The average two-year-old has a vocabulary of about how many words?
A) 175
B) 230
C) 320
D) 250
TB_05_53_The First Words_LO 5.10_APA LO 1.1
Derek pointed to his mother’s hat and exclaimed, “Mommy!” This is an example of which of the following?
A) Telegraphic speech
B) A holophrase
C) Dual meaning
D) Compound meaning
TB_05_54_The First Words_LO 5.10_APA LO 1.1
According to your text, vocabulary spurts occur around the time that the child has acquired about how many words?
A) 30
B) 25
C) 50
D) 100
TB_05_55_The First Words_LO 5.10_APA LO 1.1
Naming explosion typically occurs around what age?
A) 8–10 months
B) 12–18 months
C) 11–14 months
D) 16–24 months