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TEST BANK
CHAPTER 4: PHYSICAL, SENSORY, AND
PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY
Multiple Choice Questions
TB_04_01_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 4.1_APA LO 1.1
_________ of neurons and glial cells are present at birth.
A) Hundreds
B) Thousands
C) Millions
D) Billions
TB_04_02_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 4.1_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is true of synaptogenesis?
A) It refers to the separation of connections between neurons.
B) Once it begins shortly after birth, it continues at a steady and constant pace.
C) It results in decreases in brain size of four times by age four.
D) Each period of synaptogenesis is followed by a period of pruning.
TB_04_03_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 4.1_APA LO 1.1
What is the name of the process of creating new synapses that happens very quickly in the first couple of years after
birth?
A) Synaptic pruning
B) Synaptomiosis
C) Myelinization
D) Synaptogenesis
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TB_04_04_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 4.1_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is a primary function of brain development in the first year of life?
A) Development of neurons and glial cells
B) Ossification
C) Formation of synapses
D) Proximodistal development
TB_04_05_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 4.1_APA LO 1.1
At birth, we lack the ability to perceive, think, or use language because which area of our brain is not well
developed?
A) Medulla
B) Midbrain
C) Cortex
D) Glial cells
TB_04_06_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 4.1_APA LO 1.1
Each burst of synaptogenesis is followed by which of the following processes?
A) Degeneration
B) Formation of dendrites
C) Loss of axons
D) Pruning
TB_04_07_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 4.1_APA LO 1.1
Animal studies have shown which of the following to be true?
A) Impoverished environments can actually help shield a young brain from damage caused by teratogens.
B) Enriched environments, unfortunately, have no influence on brains damaged by a mother’s drug use during
pregnancy.
C) Enriched environments help the young overcome brain damage by increasing myelinization.
D) Enriched environments can help the young brain overcome damage caused by some teratogens.
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TB_04_08_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 4.1_APA LO 1.1
Your brain has the ability to change in response to experience. This ability is known as
A) flexibility.
B) plasticity.
C) responsiveness.
D) reactivity.
TB_04_09_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 4.1_APA LO 1.1
Brain development in the first year of life emphasizes
A) development of neurons and glial cells.
B) formation of synapses.
C) synapto-atrophy.
D) a proximodistal pattern.
TB_04_10_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 4.1_APA LO 1.1
Johann lives in a family with five siblings. There is always a lot of activity and interaction between the children and
parents. There are many brightly colored toys and things to play with. Suzanne’s family can’t afford many toys at
all, and she has only old hand-me–downs to play with, most of which are broken. Which of the following best
describes a likely difference in brain development between Johann and Suzanne?
A) The “use it or lose it” idea would indicate that, since Johann is in a more stimulating environment than Suzanne,
his brain will have a denser network of neurons and synapses.
B) Johann’s neurons will myelinate more quickly and completely than Suzanne’s.
C) Since Johann and Suzanne are both under two years of age, the differences in environment will have little impact.
D) The principle of synaptic pruning says that since Johann is in a more stimulating environment than Suzanne, his
brain will have a smaller number of synapses.
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TB_04_11_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 4.1_APA LO 1.1
According to many neurophysiologists, which of the following will result in the pruning of redundant neural
pathways and the selective retention of the most efficient pathways in an infant’s brain?
A) Diet and nutrition
B) Experiences
C) Phenotype
D) Inborn predispositions
TB_04_12_TV for Tots: How Much Is Too Much?_LO 4.1_APA LO 1.1
What effect does watching television have on the developing brain?
A) Any television watching prior to age two is likely to inhibit healthy brain development.
B) Toddlers might improve their vocabulary and social skills by watching high-quality television programs.
C) Television programs such as Sesame Street can interfere with synaptogenesis.
D) The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children between 18 months and two years of age watch
2–3 hours per day of educational programming.
TB_04_13_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 4.1_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following processes is an emphasis of brain development in the second year of life?
A) Development of neurons and glial cells
B) Formation of synapses
C) Myelinization
D) Proximodistal development
TB_04_14_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 4.1_APA LO 1.1
What is the name of the sheath around the axons that serves as insulation and speeds neural transmissions?
A) Fontanel
B) Glial fiber
C) Myelin
D) Dendrite
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TB_04_15_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 4.1_APA LO 1.1
The myelinization in the reticular formation makes which of the following possible?
A) Dexterity in the manipulation of small objects, such as a needle and thread
B) Judgment in decision making, such as evaluating various options
C) Speed and agility in motor skills, such as running to catch a ball
D) Concentration in thinking, such as focusing attention on a task
TB_04_16_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 4.1_APA LO 1.1
Attention is regulated by which of the following structures?
A) Reticular formation
B) Spinal cord
C) Temporal lobe
D) Hypothalamus
TB_04_17_ Reflexes and Behavioral States_LO 4.2_APA LO 1.1
What does your text suggest about the persistence of the Moro reflex or the Babinski reflex beyond six months of
age?
A) It is normal and is used as a sign of neurological maturation.
B) They aid in the infant’s developing social skills and emotional relationships.
C) It may signal the existence of some type of neurological problem.
D) It is due to positive or negative reinforcement.
TB_04_18_ Reflexes and Behavioral States_LO 4.2_APA LO 1.1
What is another name for the startle reflex?
A) Babinski
B) Moro
C) Nisod
D) Brazelton
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TB_04_19_ Reflexes and Behavioral States_LO 4.2_APA LO 1.1
A baby will splay out its toes, then curl them under, in response to stroking the bottom of the foot. Which reflex is
this?
A) Moro
B) Nisod
C) Bronfenbrenner
D) Babinski
TB_04_20_ Reflexes and Behavioral States_LO 4.2_APA LO 1.1
An infant’s sleep/wake cycle lasts approximately how long?
A) 30–45 minutes
B) 4–6 hours
C) 2 hours
TB_04_21_ Reflexes and Behavioral States_LO 4.2_APA LO 1.1
By 8 weeks of age, infants show signs of day/night sleep rhythms. What are these rhythms called?
A) Biorhythms
B) REM
C) Sleep cycling
D) Circadian rhythms
TB_04_22_ Reflexes and Behavioral States_LO 4.2_APA LO 1.1
Macie and Darius have a new baby girl. Although they complain that the baby wakes them a lot at night, the truth is
the baby probably sleeps as much as ______ of the time.
A) 25 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 75 percent
D) 80 percent
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TB_04_23_ Reflexes and Behavioral States_LO 4.2_APA LO 1.1
Typically, infants move into a predictable sleep pattern by what age?
A) Two weeks
B) One month
C) Six weeks
D) Six months
TB_04_24_ Reflexes and Behavioral States_LO 4.2_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is typically true of parents in the United States?
A) They view an infant’s erratic sleep patterns as a normal and healthy part of development.
B) They are more likely than European parents to attend to their crying child.
C) They view an infant’s erratic sleep patterns as a problem that needs to be fixed.
TB_04_25_ Reflexes and Behavioral States_LO 4.2_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following describes the basic cry of an infant who is hungry?
A) A piercing, grating shriek or scream
B) A loud, intense cry that begins abruptly
C) A cry that begins with a scream and becomes loud and intense with no variation in rhythm or volume
D) A cry that begins with a whimper and becomes an alternating pattern of crying, silence, and breathing
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TB_04_26_ Reflexes and Behavioral States_LO 4.2_APA LO 1.1
Your friend Olga is a new, first-time mother. Her six-week-old infant has shown a recent increase in crying. She
doesn’t know whether this is because she is picking the child up every time it cries. She is asking you for advice.
What would you say to her?
A) She should take her child to the doctor to see if she has colic.
B) It is normal for crying to increase over the first six weeks of life, and picking her child up will not reinforce the
crying.
C) Increased crying in the first six weeks of life is normal, but Olga should not pick up the infant every time it cries.
D) Olga should not worry; the crying usually decreases by the second week of life.
TB_04_27_ Reflexes and Behavioral States_LO 4.2_APA LO 1.1
An infant begins whimpering and moaning and then begins to cry very loudly and intensely. Which of the following
is the infant most likely expressing?
A) Anger
B) Hunger
C) Fear
D) Pain
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TB_04_28_Reflexes and Behavioral States_LO 4.2_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is true regarding colic?
A) Almost all infants develop colic.
B) Colic is a pattern of intense daily periods of crying for one to three hours per day.
C) The cause of colic is usually an allergy to infant formula.
D) Colic typically begins at about two weeks of age and then disappears spontaneously at three or four months of
age.
TB_04_29_Reflexes and Behavioral States_LO 4.2_APA LO 1.1
If two-month-old Andrew has colic, which of the following characteristics will be most noticeable to his parents?
A) His diarrhea and vomiting
B) His intense crying
C) His lack of appetite
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TB_04_30_Growth, Motor Skills, and Developing Body Systems_LO 4.3_APA LO 1.1
Kaye has just mastered sitting up without support. About how old would you expect Kaye to be?
A) 7 months old
B) 3 months old
C) 4 months old
D) 5 months old
TB_04_31_Growth, Motor Skills, and Developing Body Systems_LO 4.3_APA LO 1.1
Lilly has just learned to walk backward. How old would you expect Lilly to be?
A) Between 10 and 12 months
B) Between 13 and 18 months
C) Between 19 and 24 months
D) At least two years old
TB_04_32_Growth, Motor Skills, and Developing Body Systems_LO 4.3_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following statements is correct regarding motor skill development?
A) Boys and girls are virtually identical in the rate at which they develop motor skills.
B) Children with mental retardation will go through a different sequence of motor skill development than normal
children.
C) Even though boys and girls may differ in the rate at which they develop motor skills, they still develop these
skills in the same sequence.
D) The development of motor skills is most likely controlled by environmental circumstances.
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TB_04_33_Growth, Motor Skills, and Developing Body Systems_LO 4.3_APA LO 1.1
A child’s ability to place round pegs in round holes requires which type of motor skills?
A) Combination of gross and fine
B) Locomotive
C) Nonlocomotive
D) Specific
TB_04_34_Growth, Motor Skills, and Developing Body Systems_LO 4.3_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is an application of Thelen’s Dynamic Systems Theory?
A) Infants lose the stepping reflex if they lose an abnormal amount of weight.
B) The stepping reflex disappears as a result of environmental factors.
C) True walking is likely to happen regardless of environmental influences.
TB_04_35_Growth, Motor Skills, and Developing Body Systems_LO 4.3_APA LO 1.1
Fine motor skills of the hand develop, in part, because of which of the following?
A) The progressive development of cartilage in the wrist bones.
B) The progressive development and separation of the wrist bones.
C) The development of bones in the fingers.
D) The growth of new neurons in the hands.
TB_04_36_Growth, Motor Skills, and Developing Body Systems_LO 4.3_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following defines the ability of children to engage in long periods of activity without rest?
A) Ossification
B) Fine motor skills
C) Stamina
D) Development of bone density
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TB_04_37_Growth, Motor Skills, and Developing Body Systems_LO 4.3_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is true of the process of ossification?
A) Once it begins, it progresses sporadically.
B) It is the process of bone softening.
C) It follows a proximodistal pattern.
D) It begins during the 10th and 11th weeks of gestation.
TB_04_38_Nutrition_LO 4.4_APA LO 1.3
With regard to breastfeeding, which statement is correct?
A) Breastfeeding facilitates the development of superior social interactions between mother and child.
B) Breast milk stimulates better immune-system function.
C) Breast milk does not appear to promote the growth of nerves or development of the intestinal tract.
D) Breastfeeding meets the nutritional needs of relatively few infants.
TB_04_39_Nutrition_LO 4.4_APA LO 1.3
Under which circumstances might a doctor recommend that a breastfed infant be given nutritional supplements?
A) If the mother wishes to promote faster-than-average growth of her infant
B) If the baby is more active or energetic than most babies
C) In order for the nursing mother to reduce her own nutritional intake and lose weight more quickly
D) If the infant is preterm
TB_04_40_Nutrition_LO 4.4_APA LO 1.3
Most experts recommend that an infant’s first solid food be
A) thoroughly cooked or pre-packaged multi-grain cereals.
B) a source of protein, such as ground chicken.
C) an iron-fortified single-grain cereal, such as rice.
D) one or two fruits that the baby seems to prefer.
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TB_04_41_Malnutrition_LO 4.5_APA LO 1.3
Your text mentions a coexisting condition that causes chronic diarrhea in many infants who suffer from marasmus.
What is this coexisting condition?
A) Low birth weight
B) Premature delivery
C) Parasitic infections
D) Colic
TB_04_42_Malnutrition_LO 4.5_APA LO 1.3
The disease kwashiorkor is caused by which of the following?
A) Restricted caloric intake
B) Excess dietary vitamin B12
C) Insufficient dietary protein
D) Impaired immune system functioning
TB_04_43_Malnutrition_LO 4.5_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following is the most common nutritional problem in industrialized countries such as the United
States?
A) Kwashikor
B) Micronutrient malnutrition
C) Macronutrient malnutrition
D) Marasmus
TB_04_44_Malnutrition_LO 4.5_APA LO 1.3
What is micronutrient malnutrition?
A) Protein insufficiency
B) Lack of sufficient vitamins and minerals
C) Insufficient intake of carbohydrates
D) Insufficiency of total calories
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TB_04_45_Health Care and Immunizations_LO 4.6_APA LO 1.3
Moesha and Nick have a newborn. If their baby is an average infant, by his first birthday he will have had which of
the following?
A) Measles
B) Several instances of sleep apnea
C) No illnesses whatsoever
D) Seven respiratory illnesses
TB_04_46_Health Care and Immunizations_LO 4.6_APA LO 1.3
Immunizations are most effective if begun at what time in a child’s life?
A) The first month
B) Six months
C) One year
D) Adolescence
TB_04_47_Health Care and Immunizations_LO 4.6_APA LO 1.3
Between 1992 and 1999, what happened to the rate of infant vaccinations in the United States?
A) They increased dramatically.
B) The number of required vaccines dropped.
C) The rate increased by 15%.
D) They declined sharply.
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TB_04_48_Health Care and Immunizations_LO 4.6_APA LO 1.3
What is the special, often unexpected urgency in treating infants’ respiratory illnesses promptly?
A) Respiratory illnesses are easily spread to other members of the family and more difficult to treat in older
children.
B) Respiratory illnesses may affect the ears, and ear infections may impair hearing and interfere with the
development of brain areas that are essential for language development.
C) Early respiratory illnesses are likely to result in asthma.
D) Infant immunizations cannot be given while a child is ill.
TB_04_49_Sudden Infant Death Syndrome_LO 4.7_APA LO 1.3
What is the leading cause of death in the United States among infants between the ages of one month and one year?
A) Accidents
B) Respiratory infections
C) Micronutrient deficiency
D) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
TB_04_50_Sudden Infant Death Syndrome_LO 4.7_APA LO 1.3
Which the following is associated with SIDS?
A) A history of apnea
B) Bacterial infections that cause earaches
C) Drinking by the mother after pregnancy
D) Greater than average birth weight
TB_04_51_Sudden Infant Death Syndrome_LO 4.7_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following is the simplest precaution that a parent can take to reduce the risk of SIDS?
A) Position the infant on his/her back to sleep
B) Feed the infant a high-fat diet
C) Ensure that the infant does not become ill with a respiratory infection
D) Position the child to sleep on his stomach
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TB_04_52_Group Differences in Infant Mortality_LO 4.8_APA LO 1.3
In the United States, which group has the lowest infant mortality rate?
A) Caucasians
B) Asian Americans
C) African Americans
D) Native Americans
TB_04_53_Group Differences in Infant Mortality_LO 4.8_APA LO 1.3
In the United States, which group has the highest infant mortality rate?
A) Puerto Rican Americans
B) Mexican Americans
C) African Americans
D) Asian Americans
TB_04_54_Vision_LO 4.9_APA LO 1.1
Amy is three years old and has 20/40 vision. What does this mean?
A) Amy’s visual acuity is average for a three-year-old.
B) In order for Amy to see an object, she has to be 20 feet away from it, whereas most people can see the object
from 40 feet away.
C) Amy is considered legally blind.
D) In order for Amy to see an object, she has to be 40 feet away from it, whereas most people can see the object
from 20 feet away.
TB_04_55_Vision_LO 4.9_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following terms represents the smooth movement that allows the eyes to follow a moving object?
A) Tracking
B) Acuity
C) Tracing
D) Visualization