109
TB_04_56_Vision_LO 4.9_APA LO 1.1
Seth is six weeks old. You are holding three balloons in your hand: one red, one blue and one green. Which of the
following statements is most likely true?
A) Seth has already developed the required cones in his eyes to differentiate between the three different colored
balloons.
B) Since Seth is only six weeks old, he can only distinguish between red and green.
C) Seth probably only has the rods for blue vision in his eyes, so he won’t be able to distinguish between red and
green.
D) At this age, Seth’s cones are still too underdeveloped for him to distinguish any colors at all.
TB_04_57_ Hearing and Other Senses LO 4.10_APA LO 1.1
Infants’ auditory skills are equal to those of an adult, except that
A) they can hear low-pitched sounds better than adults do.
B) they cannot hear low-pitched sounds at all.
C) they cannot hear high-pitched sounds as well as adults do.
D) they can hear high-pitched sounds better than adults do.
TB_04_58_Hearing and Other Senses_LO 4.10_APA LO 1.1
Your daughter is 20 months old. Which of the following statements is most likely true regarding her auditory acuity
and skills?
A) While her auditory acuity is as good as an adult’s, she does not yet have the ability to locate sounds.
B) She has the ability to locate sounds but is not yet able to distinguish between pitch and loudness.
C) Both her auditory acuity and ability to locate sound are not likely to fully develop for another four months.
D) Her auditory acuity and ability to distinguish location of sound is nearly as good as that of an adult.
110
TB_04_59_Hearing and Other Senses_LO 4.10_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is true of the research conducted by Steiner regarding the taste abilities of infants?
A) Most cannot distinguish between the five basic flavors: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami.
B) He conducted his research by feeding infants various unfamiliar flavors of water.
C) He drew pictures of the facial expressions of infants as they reacted to different tastes or flavors.
D) Infants respond differently to sweet, sour, and bitter flavors.
TB_04_60_Hearing and Other Senses_LO 4.10_APA LO 1.1
The five basic flavors that humans register are
A) bitter, sweet, salty, spicy, umami.
B) sweet, sour, bitter, umami, salty.
C) salty, sweet, spicy, piquant, bittersweet.
D) bittersweet, sour, sweet, umami, spicy.
TB_04_61_Hearing and Other Senses_LO 4.10_APA LO 1.1
Which of the five senses is most fully developed at birth?
A) Taste
B) Touch
C) Smell
D) Hearing
TB_04_62_Studying Perceptual Development_LO 4.11_APA LO 1.1
A developmental psychologist is showing a four-month-old infant a series of drawings. Each drawing shows a series
of heavy black dots arranged in the shape of a square. After seeing a series of such pictures, the infant looks for
shorter and shorter periods of time until she is barely glancing at each new version of the black dots in a square.
Suddenly the researcher presents a new drawing of heavy black dots in the shape of a circle, and the baby shows
renewed interest by gazing for a longer period of time. What is illustrated by this research project?
A) The baby’s response was an example of discriminatory social referencing.
B) The baby became habituated to the pattern of the dots in the shape of a square.
C) The baby demonstrated dislike of the square pattern of black dots.
D) The baby was illustrating intersensory integration.
111
TB_04_63_Studying Perceptual Development_LO 4.11_APA LO 1.1
An infant has lost interest in a familiar stimulus. After the stimulus has been removed for a time, and then re-
appears, the infant shows renewed interest. This defines which of the following?
A) Dishabituation
B) Perception
C) Habituation
D) Disperception
TB_04_64_Studying Perceptual Development_LO 4.11_APA LO 1.1
Habituation is best defined by which of the following?
A) Shaping behavior patterns through operant conditioning
B) The decline in attention that occurs because a stimulus becomes too familiar
C) The development of repetitive behaviors that are characteristic of the secondary circular reactions substage
D) Strengthening or increase in behaviors that results from reinforcement
TB_04_65_Studying Perceptual Development_LO 4.11_APA LO 1.1
Dishabituation is best described by which of the following?
A) Responding to a familiar stimulus as if it were new
B) Focusing on a stimulus that has not been successfully reinforced
C) Focusing on a stimulus that has not been completely conditioned
D) The transition to preoperational thought
112
TB_04_66_Studying Perceptual Development_LO 4.11_APA LO 1.1
Researchers determine an infant’s interest in an object by measuring which of the following?
A) Whether or not they look directly at the object
B) How long they look at the object
C) Whether or not they show signs of boredom such as yawning
D) Whether or not they smile at the object
TB_04_67_Looking_LO 4.12_APA LO 1.1
Depth perception is possible because of which of the following types of cues?
A) Transient
B) Nocturnal
C) Binocular
D) Habitual
TB_04_68_Looking_LO 4.12_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following involve processing information based on body motion or the motion of an object in relation
to the body?
A) Kinetic cues
B) Monocular cues
C) Binocular cues
D) Linear cues
TB_04_69_Looking_LO 4.12_APA LO 1.1
The “visual cliff” is used to measure which of the following?
A) Visual acuity
B) Color vision
C) Depth sensitivity
D) Depth perception
113
TB_04_70_Looking_LO 4.12_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following statements is true regarding the well-known research carried out by Gibson and Walk on
depth perception?
A) It provided little information regarding depth perception in children under the age of six months.
B) Children who had developed depth perception would continue to crawl beyond the boundaries of the cliff.
C) Children use aesthetic cues to determine the depth of a cliff.
D) Flinching is observed in children as young as 3 months of age.
TB_04_71_Looking_LO 4.12_APA LO 1.1
Of the following statements, which is an accurate description of an infant’s perceptual abilities?
A) When newborns gaze, they can see the edges of objects.
B) Infants as young as one week of age seem to prefer attractive faces to less attractive faces.
C) Infants will display habituation to an unfamiliar pattern of objects or features of objects.
D) Infants develop depth perception only after a prolonged experience of walking toward and away from objects.
TB_04_72_Listening_LO 4.13_APA LO 1.1
Elisa is growing up in a home where both Russian and English are spoken. Which of the following statements is
most likely true of seven-month-old Elisa?
A) She will be confused by the mixture of languages and will be delayed in her ability to distinguish contrasting
sounds.
B) She can accurately discriminate all sound contrasts that appear in both languages.
C) She will respond to all sounds in the same way.
D) She will be able to respond to distinctions in sounds when her mother speaks, but not when her father or male
siblings speak.
TB_04_73_Listening_LO 4.13_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is most likely responsible for infants’ preference for their mothers’ voices?
A) Biological predisposition
B) In vitro hearing
C) The survival instinct
D) In utero learning
114
TB_04_74_Combining Information from Several Senses_LO 4.14_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is the best example of intermodal perception?
A) A baby who has been sucking a nubby pacifier will look longer at a picture of a nubby pacifier.
B) An infant will drink more sweetened water than unsweetened water.
C) An infant who had habituated to a singing, rotating toy will look longer when the toy produces a new song as it
rotates.
D) An infant who saw his father shave imitates the action by moving a crayon over his own face.
TB_04_75_Combining Information from Several Senses_LO 4.14_APA LO 1.1
When a child combines information from several senses into one perception, this is called
A) inhabituation.
B) synesthesia.
C) intermodal perception.
D) sensory integration.
115
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
TB_04_76_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 4.1_APA LO 1.1
The growth of axons and dendrites is known as ________.
TB_04_77_No Easy Answers_LO 4.1_APA LO 1.1
The AAP’s policy on television watching in children under age 2 assumes that watching television may ________
affect brain development.
TB_04_78_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 4.1_APA LO 1.1
The sequence of myelinization follows both a ________ and ________ pattern.
TB_04_79_Reflexes and Behavioral States_LO 4.2_APA LO 1.1
________ rhythms affect sleep cycles as well as other bodily processes.
TB_04_80_Growth, Motor Skills, and Developing Body Systems_LO 4.3_APA LO 1.1
Children will begin to show some signs of hand preference by age ________.
116
TB_04_81_Growth, Motor Skills, and Developing Body Systems_LO 4.3_APA LO 1.1
According to Esther Thelen, true walking develops because of a genetic plan and a change in the ratio of ________
to ________ in infants’ bodies.
TB_04_82_Growth, Motor Skills, and Developing Body Systems_LO 4.3_APA LO 1.1
________ refers to the process of bone hardening.
TB_04_83_Infant Mortality_LO 4.7_APA LO 1.3
Infant mortality is defined as death within the first ________ after birth.
TB_04_84_Sudden Infant Death Syndrome_LO 4.7_APA LO 1.3
Infants who show increasingly ________ sleep periods during the early months are at a lower risk of dying from
SIDS.
TB_04_85_Group Differences in Infant Mortality_LO 4.8_APA LO 1.3
Women born outside of the United States tend to show ________ rates of alcohol and tobacco use than U.S. women.
117
TB_04_86_Vision_LO 4.9_APA LO 1.1
Infants as young as 2 months show some ________ ability as an object is moved slowly toward them.
TB_04_87_Hearing and Other Senses_LO 4.10_APA LO 1.1
The characteristic flavor of high protein foods and glutamates is known as ________.
TB_04_88_Studying Perceptual Development_LO 4.11_APA LO 1.1
Preference technique is determined by measuring how ________ a baby looks at an object.
TB_04_89_Research Report_LO 4.12_APA LO 1.1
Langlois studied infant preferences for ________ faces.
TB_04_90_Combining Information from Several Senses_LO 4.14_APA LO 1.1
________ refers to the idea that different sensory stimuli combine to form a single perception.
118
Short Answer Questions
TB_04_91_Physical Changes_LO 4.1_APA LO 1.1
What causes infants and toddlers to be “top-heavy”? What are the results of this phenomenon?
TB_04_92_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 4.1_APA LO 1.1
Briefly explain the functions of the midbrain and the medulla. Why do these structures need to be fully functional at
birth?
TB_04_93_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 4.1_APA LO 1.1
What is meant by brain plasticity?
TB_04_94_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 4.1_APA LO 1.1
Why is the process of myelinization necessary?
TB_04_95_Reflexes and Behavioral States_LO 4.2_APA LO 1.1
Name two primitive reflexes. At what age do these reflexes disappear? What are the implications of the persistence
of these reflexes?
119
TB_04_96_Growth, Motor Skills, and Developing Body Systems_LO 4.3_APA LO 1.1
What are the differences between boys and girls when it comes to the development of gross motor skills?
TB_04_97_Malnutrition_LO 4.5_APA LO 1.3
What is the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients?
TB_04_98_Malnutrition_LO 4.5_APA LO 1.3
What type of malnutrition is most likely to be seen in industrialized nations?
TB_04_99_Health Care and Immunizations_LO 4.6_APA LO 1.3
What program was put into place in 1995 that greatly increased the percentage of children receiving vaccinations in
the United States?
TB_04_100_Sudden Infant Death Syndrome_LO 4.7_APA LO 1.3
Define apnea and explain its relationship to SIDS.
120
TB_04_102_Vision_LO 4.9_APA LO 1.1
Describe the difference in visual acuity between a newborn and a two-year-old.
TB_04_103_Hearing and Other Senses_LO 4.10_APA LO 1.1
Explain the progression of sound location from infancy to 18 months of age.
TB_04_104_Studying Perceptual Development_LO 4.11_APA LO 1.1
What is the difference between habituation and dishabituation?
TB_04_105_Listening_LO 4.13_APA LO 1.1
Why do newborns recognize their mother’s voice before anyone else’s?
121
Essay Questions
TB_04_106_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 4.1_APA LO 1.1
Explain how and why the size of an infant’s brain increases so rapidly after birth. How much does the brain grow
from infancy to four years of age?
TB_04_107_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 4.1_APA LO 1.1
Infants possess greater brain plasticity than older children. What problems come along with this greater amount of
plasticity?
TB_04_108_Growth, Motor Skills, and Developing Body Systems_LO 4.3_APA LO 1.1
Many theorists believe that walking is simply a matter of biological programming. What would Esther Thelen say in
response to this idea?
TB_04_109_Growth, Motor Skills, and Developing Body Systems_LO 4.3_APA LO 1.1
What is stamina? What factors contribute to the development of stamina?
122
TB_04_109_Malnutrition_LO 4.5_APA LO 1.3
Describe the various forms of malnutrition that can pose risks for infant development. What are possible long-term
effects of malnutrition?
TB_04_110_Looking_LO 4.12_APA LO 1.1
Explain why the ability to perceive depth is more than a matter of visual acuity. List three factors that contribute to
the development of depth perception.
TB_04_111_Looking_LO 4.12_APA LO 1.1
Summarize the findings of the Langlois studies of babies’ preferences for attractive faces.