34
TEST BANK
CHAPTER 2: THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT
Multiple Choice Questions
TB_02_01_Psychoanalytic Theories_LO 2.1_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following theories relies on the understanding of internal drives and emotions to answer the “whys” of
human development?
A) Psychoanalytic
B) Humanistic
C) Biological
D) Cognitive
TB_02_02_Psychoanalytic Theories_LO 2.1_APA LO 1.1
Psychoanalytic theorists suggest that human development depends on
A) our ability to accommodate external stimuli.
B) our ability to modify our behavior based on the prospect of rewards or punishment.
C) the influence of internal drives and emotions upon behavior.
D) social relationships.
TB_02_03_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory_LO 2.1_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following most accurately describes Freud’s model of the personality?
A) Formal operations
B) Id, ego, and identity
C) Consciousness, preconsciousness, and reality
D) Id, ego, superego
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TB_02_04_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory_LO 2.1_APA LO 1.1
Which aspect of our personality demands to be satisfied in physically pleasurable ways?
A) Executive control of the ego
B) Moral guardian of the superego
C) Libido of the id
D) Reality principle of the superego
TB_02_05_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory_LO 2.1_APA LO 1.1
Jada saw some money on the kitchen table. She really wanted to take it but her conscience kept her from it. Which
part of Jada’s personality is telling her that it would be socially unacceptable to take the money?
A) Superego
B) Ego
C) Unconscious
D) Id
TB_02_06_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory_LO 2.1_APA LO 1.1
According to Freud’s model of personality, which of the following best demonstrates the functioning of the id?
A) “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you”
B) Restraining your desire to have a hot fudge sundae
C) Stealing a CD because you really want it
D) Planning to seduce a sexual partner
TB_02_07_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory_LO 2.1_APA LO 1.1
Freud arrived at his developmental theories through his work with which of the following groups?
A) His own children
B) Children who were orphaned
C) Male adult patients who had suffered traumatic events
D) Adults who were suffering from serious mental disorders
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TB_02_08_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory_LO 2.1_APA LO 1.1
According to Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, which of the following occurs when an inadequate early
environment fails to meet the needs of any particular stage of psychosexual maturation?
A) Defense mechanisms
B) Libido failure
C) Fixation
D) Extinction
TB_02_09_No Easy Answers_LO 2.1_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is the MOST correct statement regarding repressed memories?
A) Most adults who were abused as children have no recollection of the abuse.
B) The best way to get at repressed memories is for the therapist to suggest that such memories exist.
C) It is highly unlikely that false memories will be retrieved because of the inaccuracy of human memory.
D) The perpetrators of abuse are more likely to forget the incidents than are the victims.
TB_02_10_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory_LO 2.2_APA LO 1.1
Freud is to psychosexual as Erikson is to ________.
A) reinforcement
B) psychosocial
C) dilemma resolution
D) psychosensual
TB_02_11_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory_LO 2.2_APA LO 1.1
Erikson’s is a psychosocial theory because it involves which type of interactions?
A) Between internal drives and environmental consequences
B) Between internal drives and unregulated emotions
C) Between internal drives and cultural demands
D) Between internal drives and social instincts
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TB_02_12_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory_LO 2.2_APA LO 1.1
Elsa was frequently neglected as a child. As an infant, she would be left in wet diapers, and she was not fed on a
regular schedule. Which of the following crises was not properly resolved?
A) Industry vs. inferiority
B) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C) Trust vs. mistrust
D) Initiative vs. guilt
TB_02_13_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory_LO 2.2_APA LO 1.1
Which factor is generally considered to be an essential aspect of an infant’s first psychosocial task?
A) Learning to control bodily sensations or developing shame if unsuccessful
B) Becoming aware of pleasurable genital sensations and sharing these sensations with others
C) Becoming purposeful, goal-oriented, and assertive, which leads to conflicts with parents
D) Being treated lovingly and predictably by caregivers and learning to trust
TB_02_14_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory_LO 2.2_APA LO 1.1
According to Erikson, what is the central issue of adolescence?
A) To develop a sense of autonomy, or become ashamed of one’s inability to be independent of parents
B) To develop initiative and become purposeful and goal-oriented, or to be guilty about inability to focus and
achieve
C) To form intimate relationships, or to risk isolation and rejection
D) To examine one’s identity and possible roles, or risk confusion about the future
TB_02_15_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory_LO 2.2_APA LO 1.1
Erikson’s dilemma of intimacy vs. isolation is associated with what developmental age?
A) Birth to one year
B) 2–3 years
C) 18–30 years
D) 30 years to late adulthood
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TB_02_16_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory_LO 2.2_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following best defines generativity?
A) A sense of wanting to give back to society and future generations
B) A sense of needing to make up for one’s shortcomings
C) The need to resolve a midlife crisis
D) The need to establish intimate relationships
TB_02_17_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory_LO 2.2_APA LO 1.1
Carolyn is thinking of her children and what they are to become. She wants to see her children succeed and raise
healthy families of their own. Carolyn spends more and more time thinking about how best to help her children
become good people who contribute to society. Which of Erikson’s stages is Carolyn most likely experiencing?
A) Identity vs. role confusion
B) Integrity vs. despair
C) Intimacy vs. isolation
D) Generativity vs. stagnation
TB_02_18_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory_LO 2.2_APA LO 1.1
A self-absorbed, nongenerative adult who is not concerned with establishing and guiding a new generation will be at
risk for which of the following?
A) Isolation
B) Stagnation
C) Inferiority
D) Mistrust
TB_02_19_Evaluation of Psychoanalytic Theories_LO 2.3_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is considered to be the major weakness of psychoanalytic theories?
A) They contribute more to our understanding of how learning occurs than to our knowledge of human
development.
B) Such theories do not explain social, emotional, or personality development.
C) Few scientists have accepted or acknowledged their key principles.
D) It has been very difficult to test their key concepts.
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TB_02_20_Learning Theories_LO 2.4_APA LO 1.1
Watson believed that children could be trained to do anything through
A) manipulation of the environment.
B) sensory deprivation.
C) focus on meeting early basic needs.
D) biological conditioning.
TB_02_21_Classical Conditioning_LO 2.4_APA LO 1.1
In classical conditioning, if the sour taste of lemon juice automatically causes your mouth to pucker, the lemon juice
is the ________ and the pucker of lips and tongue is the ________.
A) conditional stimulus; conditioned response
B) punishment; conditioned response
C) unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
D) conditional stimulus; unconditioned response
TB_02_22_Classical Conditioning_LO 2.4_APA LO 1.1
If you are teaching a child to produce a reflexive response following a non-reflexive stimulus, which method of
learning are you employing?
A) Observational learning
B) Classical conditioning
C) Response-reward learning
D) Operant conditioning
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TB_02_23_Classical Conditioning_LO 2.4_APA LO 1.1
Classical conditioning plays an important role in which of the following?
A) Intrinsic and extrinsic reinforcements for learning
B) The development of social skills such as courtesy and patience
C) The development of emotional responses such as anxiety or embarrassment
D) Differentiated and effective strategies for problem-solving and negotiating a complex environment
TB_02_24_Classical Conditioning_LO 2.4_APA LO 1.1
“Little Albert” was a subject of whose research?
A) Ivan Pavlov
B) John Watson
C) B. F. Skinner
D) Mary Jones
TB_02_25_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning_LO 2.5_APA LO 1.1
Behavior is more likely to reoccur if
A) there is intrinsic reinforcement.
B) it has been reinforced.
C) it is extinct.
D) it has been punished.
TB_02_26_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning_LO 2.5_APA LO 1.1
A boy is pestering his mother for candy in the grocery store, whining for ten minutes and saying things like, “I want
candy! Please? Just this once! Oh, come on, Mom, please?” His mother ignores him for ten minutes, but finally
gives in and says, “Oh, all right. Here it is. Just stop whining!” If the boy engages in more whining in the future, and
the mother gives in even more easily, which of the following would apply to the mother?
A) Negative punishment
B) Positive punishment
C) Negative reinforcement
D) Positive reinforcement
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TB_02_27_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning_LO 2.5_APA LO 1.1
Miguel is expected to clean his room and to empty all trash in the house. When Miguel forgets his chores, he is
grounded. Which of the following has been appropriately applied if Miguel remembers to do his chores?
A) Punishment
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Positive reinforcement
D) Extinction
TB_02_28_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning_LO 2.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is credited with introducing the term operant conditioning?
A) Albert Bandura
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Erik Erikson
TB_02_29_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning_LO 2.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is the best example of extinction?
A) You change to a different slot machine because the one that you’ve been playing doesn’t pay very often.
B) You stop buying lottery tickets until the jackpot is greater than $10 million.
C) You stop buying lottery tickets after spending several hundred dollars and never winning.
D) You purchase mega bucks tickets instead of regular lottery tickets because the odds of winning are greater.
TB_02_30_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning_LO 2.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following results in behaviors that are difficult to extinguish?
A) Negative reinforcement
B) The application of conditioned stimuli
C) Continuous reinforcement schedules
D) Partial reinforcement schedules
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TB_02_31_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning_LO 2.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is a common mistake that parents make when trying to stop unwanted behaviors?
A) They forget to use continuous schedules of reinforcement.
B) They create intermittent schedules of reinforcement when they think they are punishing.
C) They use intermittent punishment, when they should be using intermittent schedules of reinforcement.
D) They use punishment too frequently.
TB_02_32_Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory_LO 2.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following theorists is primarily responsible for social-cognitive learning theory?
A) Albert Bandura
B) Ivan Pavlov
C) B. F. Skinner
D) John Thorndyke
TB_02_33_Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory_LO 2.6_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following best summarizes social-cognitive learning theory?
A) Children learn best through observation as long as they are consistently rewarded for the same behaviors.
B) Children respond best to frequent reinforcement and praise.
C) Rewards and punishers are not always necessary as children learn through observing siblings’ interactions with
their parents.
D) Punishment is preferred over reinforcement as a means of teaching new behaviors.
TB_02_34_Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory_LO 2.6_APA LO 1.1
According to Bandura, which of the following terms best describes the expectancies we acquire about what we can
and cannot do?
A) Self-monitoring
B) Self-evaluation
C) Self-efficacy
D) Self-evidence
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TB_02_35_Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory_LO 2.6_APA LO 1.1
Niko plans to go to a good college. He seems unconcerned about competitive admissions policies because he
believes that if he studies hard, he can get in wherever he wants. Bandura would consider this an example of which
of the following?
A) Self-fulfilling prophecy
B) Delayed gratification
C) Positive self image
D) Self-efficacy
TB_02_36_Evaluation of Learning Theories_LO 2.7_APA LO 1.1
Which of these best illustrates the principles of social-cognitive theory?
A) Shelby misses her curfew by one hour and is grounded by her parents for one week, yet she continues to miss
curfew.
B) When Marla responds angrily to a request from her daughter Bess, Bess’ sister Treva, who observed this
response, decides she will wait a day or two before asking for a new stereo.
C) Shea seeks advice from a chat forum on the internet about her recurring headaches.
D) As a result of the role conflict between her parental responsibilities and her need for personal development, Irina
TB_02_37_Evaluation of Learning Theories_LO 2.7_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following would be considered a strength of social-learning theory?
A) It seems to give an accurate picture of the way in which many behaviors are learned.
B) It works well when trying to modify undesirable behaviors.
C) It explains unconscious, involuntary emotional responses.
D) It defines specific stages most humans pass through as they grow and develop.
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TB_02_38_Cognitive Theories_LO 2.8_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following theories is concerned with the developmental aspects of thinking, memory, and logic?
A) Cognitive
B) Social
C) Psychodynamic
D) Behavioral
TB_02_39_Cognitive Theories_LO 2.8_APA LO 1.1
Babies frequently engage in repetitive actions using their hands and their eyes. Which of the following statements
best explains this behavior?
A) The theory that says that children are born with a mind that is a blank slate waiting to be written upon
B) The theory that says that infants’ brains are underdeveloped at birth and there is no purpose or meaning to their
actions
C) The theory that infants rely on their basic biological senses to explore and learn about the world
D) Piaget’s theory of accommodation
TB_02_40_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory_LO 2.8_APA LO 1.1
According to the principles of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, how you act at a party depends upon which
of the following to guide and direct your behavior?
A) Scheme
B) Memory
C) Reinforcement
D) Sensorimotor skills
TB_02_41_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory_LO 2.8_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following best defines the word scheme according to Piaget?
A) A child’s mischievous plan to outwit her parents
B) The process of taking in new information and revising existing categories in order to effectively deal with similar
information in the future
C) The meaning a child ascribes to an experience
D) A cognitive structure that guides behaviors and actions
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TB_02_42_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory_LO 2.8_APA LO 1.1
Two-year-old Luke pointed to a cow in a pasture and said “Doggie!” Which of the following is the child using to
name the animal?
A) Memorization
B) Assimilation
C) Preoperational thought
D) Accommodation
TB_02_43_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory_LO 2.8_APA LO 1.1
According to Piaget’s theory, which of the following best applies to the process of assimilation?
A) Changing a scheme as a result of acquiring new information
B) Being shaped by the environment
C) Using an internal model of experience
D) Using an existing scheme to make sense of an event or experience
TB_02_44_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory_LO 2.8_APA LO 1.1
Three-year-old Tran used to call all flying objects such as airplanes and slowly falling leaves “birds.” Now he
correctly labels airplanes, butterflies, birds, and bees. Which Piagetian process has Tran accomplished?
A) Assimilation
B) Concrete operations
C) Accommodation
D) Proximal development
TB_02_45_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory_LO 2.8_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is the best description of the process of accommodation?
A) The use of multiple strategies to address new problems
B) Changing an existing scheme as a result of new information or experiences
C) Using symbols to represent the events from the real world
D) Understanding the world in terms of one’s senses and motor actions
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TB_02_46_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory_LO 2.8_APA LO 1.1
Piaget believed that children use both assimilation and accommodation to create schemes that fit the reality of their
environments. Which of the following terms did he use to describe this process?
A) Accommodation
B) Scaffolding
C) Calibration
D) Equilibration
TB_02_47_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory_LO 2.8_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is the first stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperations
C) Equilibration
D) Formal operations
TB_02_48_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory_LO 2.8_APA LO 1.1
In which stage of cognitive development does a child use symbols to think and communicate?
A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational
C) Formal operations
D) Concrete operations
TB_02_49_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory_LO 2.8_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following best defines the term conservation according to Piaget?
A) The child learns the importance of recycling.
B) The child learns to use the minimal number of words necessary to communicate an idea.
C) The child learns the importance of treating their environment with respect by keeping it clean and uncluttered.
D) The child learns that when an object changes shape, its quantity remains the same.
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TB_02_50_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory_LO 2.8_APA LO 1.1
Two-year-old Sven can use crayons and paper to draw pictures. According to Piaget, why is Sven drawing pictures?
A) He is presenting an outward representation of his internal thoughts.
B) At this age, the drawings mean nothing; Sven is simply improving his motor skills.
C) Sven is in the early stages of learning to write.
D) He is presenting an outward manifestation of others’ thoughts.
TB_02_51_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory_LO 2.8_APA LO 1.1
During which of Piaget’s stages does the child learn to manipulate ideas, concrete objects, or events, as well as to
use abstract ideas and hypothetical situations in solving problems?
A) Zone of proximal development
B) Concrete operational
C) Information processing
D) Formal operational
TB_02_52_Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory_LO 2.9_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following theorists is known for the development of sociocultural theory?
A) Jean Piaget
B) Lev Vygotsky
C) Albert Bandura
D) Ivan Pavlov
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TB_02_53_Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory_LO 2.9_APA LO 1.1
Five-year-old Elena can tie her shoes, but she needs her mother’s help to untie them. She also needs her mother’s
help to button her sweater. Vygotsky would suggest that this situation illustrates Elena’s
A) scaffold.
B) zone of proximal development.
C) adaptive processes of assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration.
D) sensorimotor development.
TB_02_54_Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory_LO 2.9_APA LO 1.1
Jan likes to fix her own breakfast, but the milk carton is too heavy for her to manage on her own. Her mother pours
milk into a special pump dispenser just for Jan. Which of the following has Jan’s mother provided?
A) Concrete operations
B) Scaffolding
C) A zone of proximal development
D) Accommodation
TB_02_55_Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory_LO 2.9_APA LO 1.1
An adult adapts a process to a child’s developmental level in order to assist the child in developing a new skill or
ability. What would Vygotsky call this process?
A) Scaffolding
B) Assisting
C) Accommodating
D) Adapting
TB_02_56_Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory_LO 2.9_APA LO 1.1
“Social interactions are the most important contributors to a child’s healthy development.” Which of the following
theories would most likely support this statement?
A) Social learning
B) Cognitive
C) Behavioral
D) Sociocultural