Psychology Chapter 02 Developmentalists who study children’s cognitive

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TB_02_57_Information-Processing Theory_LO 2.10_APA LO 1.1

Information processing theorists liken the human mind to

A) a well-oiled machine.

B) a computer.

C) a library.

D) a complex puzzle.

TB_02_58_Information-Processing Theory_LO 2.10_APA LO 1.1

Before information such as a grocery list or a friend’s birthday can be stored in long-term memory, in which of the

following is the information processed?

A) Sensory memory

B) Short-term memory

C) Adaptive memory

D) Random access memory

TB_02_59_Information-Processing Theory_LO 2.10_APA LO 1.1

Neo-Piagetian theorists combine which of the following to explain cognitive development in children?

A) Erikson’s developmental stages and Piaget’s cognitive theory

B) Piaget’s cognitive theory and information processing theory

C) Bandura’s observational theory and Piaget’s cognitive theory

D) Social-learning theory and Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

TB_02_60_Information-Processing Theory_LO 2.10_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following was a finding of Kail’s (1990, 2008) research on children’s cognitive development?

A) That younger children’s short-term memories are more limited than those of older children

B) That Piaget greatly underestimated the abilities of younger children

C) That older children’s long-term memories are more accurate than those of younger children

D) That Vygotsky’s concept of the zone of proximal development was only applicable to the memory of younger

children

TB_02_61_Evaluation of Cognitive Theories_LO 2.11_APA LO 1.1

Developmentalists who study children’s cognitive development from a Piagetian perspective and from an

information-processing perspective would agree upon which of the following observations about children’s

cognitive development?

A) The development of memory is not an important aspect of cognitive development.

B) Cognitive development occurs as a result of diversified experiences in an enriched environment.

C) The development of logical thinking is based upon processes that are less complex than conditioned responses.

D) Age is not a determining factor in how children manage and process information to think about and act upon the

world.

TB_02_62_Evaluation of Cognitive Theories_LO 2.11_APA LO 1.1

In terms of usefulness and reliability, which of the following is true of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory?

A) It is far more useful than information-processing theory because it has more empirical support.

B) It relies too much on empiricism to support its application.

C) There is insufficient evidence at present to either support or contradict most of his theory.

D) It has more empirical and research support than Piaget’s theory.

TB_02_63_Evaluation of Cognitive Theories_LO 2.11_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following is true of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory?

A) Researchers have found that children of parents who provide scaffolding early on perform better in elementary

school than children whose parents did not provide scaffolding.

B) Most current research supports Vygotsky’s ideas.

C) Children who work collaboratively perform worse on sophisticated tasks than children who work alone.

D) Most of the current research contradicts Vygotsky’s ideas.

TB_02_64_Research Report_LO 2.11_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following was one of the findings in testing the principle of conservation?

A) To Piaget’s surprise, four-year-old children recognized that a ball of clay rolled into a sausage shape still had the

same amount of clay.

B) A five-year-old child was able to recognize that when a subordinate class of objects is placed together with a

larger class of the same type of object, the whole was larger than either group.

C) Six– and seven-year-olds recognized that a ball of clay rolled into a sausage shape still had the same amount of

clay.

D) Piaget found that his research worked best if he used the same types of objects and asked the same questions of

all of the children that he studied.

TB_02_65_Behavior Genetics_LO 2.12_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following is particularly useful in research that is the focus of behavioral genetics?

A) Special learning environments

B) Stem cells

C) Multiple births from independent zygotes

D) Identical twins

TB_02_66_Behavior Genetics_LO 2.12_APA LO 1.1

In looking at the relationship between heredity and IQ, which of the following is the most true?

A) Fraternal twins are more likely than identical twins to have similar IQs.

B) Heredity appears to have the largest influence on childhood IQ scores and decreases with age.

C) Contradicting earlier research findings, the correlation in IQ scores between identical twins is only approximately

+0.2.

D) Heredity appears to have the largest influence on adult IQ scores and this influence increases with age.

TB_02_67_Behavior Genetics_LO 2.12_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following is LEAST likely to influence IQ?

A) The type of television shows a child watches

B) A stimulating environment

C) Genetics

D) The IQ of one’s parents

TB_02_68_Ethology and Sociobiology_LO 2.13_APA LO 1.1

The idea that certain human behaviors have developed and persisted in order to ensure survival of the species is

drawn from which of the following?

A) Behaviorism

B) Classical conditioning

C) Nativism

D) Ethology

TB_02_69_Ethology and Sociobiology_LO 2.13_APA LO 1.1

Of the following concepts, which is an aspect of the sociobiology theory of human development?

A) Stimulus and response

B) Cognitive deficits

C) Social rules and behaviors that ensure survival

D) Defense mechanisms

TB_02_70_Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory_LO 2.14_APA LO 1.1

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory of human development places primary emphasis on

A) children’s biological needs.

B) the interactions among the contexts in which children live and develop.

C) genetic or hereditary patterns.

D) environmental stimuli that elicit and reinforce behavior.

TB_02_71_Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory_LO 2.14_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following contexts of development includes the values and beliefs of the culture in which a child is

growing up?

A) Microsystem

B) Mesosystem

C) Exosystem

D) Macrosystem

TB_02_72_Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory_LO 2.14_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following contexts of development includes the institutions of the culture that affect children’s

development indirectly?

A) Microsystem

B) Mesosystem

C) Exosystem

D) Macrosystem

TB_02_73_Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory_LO 2.14_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following contexts of development includes those variables to which people are exposed directly, such

as families, schools, religious institutions, and neighborhoods?

A) Microsystem

B) Mesosystem

C) Exosystem

D) Macrosystem

TB_02_74_Assumptions about Development_LO 2.15_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following do psychoanalytic and most learning theories have in common?

A) They both believe that nurture has the largest impact on development.

B) They are both stability theories.

C) They both believe that we are passive recipients of environmental influences.

D) They both believe that we are active in shaping our own development.

TB_02_75_Eclecticism_LO 2.17_APA LO 1.1

An important trend in the study of human development involves incorporating many theoretical perspectives in

order to better explain development. Which of the following describes this approach?

A) Eclecticism

B) Multiculturalism

C) The cross-modal approach

D) The stages of change model

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions

TB_02_76_Chapter Introduction_APA LO 1.1

An important addition to the three traditional broad theories of development has been the ________ foundations of

development.

APA LO: 1.1

TB_02_77_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory_LO 2.1_APA LO 1.1

According to Freud, the aspect of the personality that demands immediate gratification of sexual and aggressive

impulses is the ________.

TB_02_78_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory_LO 2.1_APA LO 1.1

You find a wallet lying on the floor of your classroom. Everyone else has left and you are alone. Part of your

personality wants to take the money that is in the wallet and part of your personality is telling you that it would

wrong to do so. According to psychoanalytic theory, the part that is telling you that it would be wrong is your

________.

TB_02_79_Psychoanalytic Theories_LO 2.1_LO 2.2_APA LO 1.1

Psychosocial is to ________ as psychoanalytic is to ________.

TB_02_80_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory_LO 2.2_APA LO 1.1

I say that a friend of mine is carrying “excess baggage” into his relationships. Erikson would say that my friend has

unresolved ________.

TB_02_81_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory_LO 2.2_APA LO 1.1

Eight-year-old Jaime is in the third grade. He is very good at drawing and frequently receives praise from his parents

and teachers. According to Erikson, Jaime will develop a sense of ________.

TB_02_82_Learning Theories_APA LO 1.1

All learning theories rely on the principle that development results from an accumulation of ________.

TB_02_83_Classical Conditioning_LO 2.4_APA LO 1.1

The underlying principle of classical conditioning is teaching an organism to exhibit a biologically programmed

reflex in response to a ________ stimulus.

TB_02_84_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning_LO 2.5_APA LO 1.1

________ coined the term operant conditioning.

TB_02_85_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning_LO 2.5_APA LO 1.1

In operant conditioning, ________ always strengthens behavior; ________ always weakens behavior.

TB_02_86_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory_LO 2.8_APA LO 1.1

In cognitive theory, ________ is the process of balancing assimilation with accommodation.

TB_02_87_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory_LO 2.8_APA LO 1.1

Kara is in the first grade. At lunch, she sits next to her best friend Sheila, and today they are having hot dogs. An

older child helps Kara and Sheila by cutting their hot dogs into pieces. Kara complains because her hot dog was cut

into five pieces and Sheila’s was cut into six. Kara believes that Sheila has more food. Kara has not yet learned the

principle of ________.

TB_02_88_Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory_LO 2.9_APA LO 1.1

According to Vygotsky, training wheels on a bicycle would be an example of ________.

TB_02_89_Ethology and Sociobiology_LO 2.13_APA LO 1.1

________ studies animals in their natural environment.

TB_02_90_Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory_LO 2.14_APA LO 1.1

In Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory, my immediate family, my job, and my dogs are all part of my ________.

Short Answer Questions

TB_02_91_Chapter Introduction_APA LO 1.1

Identify the three broad families of developmental theories, and the fourth, which has been added recently to account

for one of the major shortcomings of the original three.

TB_02_92_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory_LO 2.1_APA LO 1.1

What is the purpose of defense mechanisms according to psychoanalytic theory?

TB_02_93_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory_LO 2.1_APA LO 1.1

In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, what causes fixation?

TB_02_94_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory_LO 2.2_APA LO 1.1

List the psychosocial crises that a child between the ages of 1 and 12 years will need to resolve to successfully

develop.

TB_02_95_Classical Conditioning_LO 2.4_APA LO 1.1

In classical conditioning terms, a reflex is made up of what two components?

TB_02_96_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning_LO 2.5_APA LO 1.1

In operant conditioning terms, all behavior boils down to reaction to what?

TB_02_97_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning_LO 2.5_APA LO 1.1

Every time I go to the grocery store, I purchase lottery tickets, but I have never won anything. If Skinner’s theory is

correct, what will eventually happen to my lottery-ticket-buying behavior?

TB_02_98_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning_LO 2.5_APA LO 1.1

Why do we sometimes persist in behaviors even though we have been punished for them?

TB_02_99_Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory_LO 2.6_APA LO 1.1

According to social-cognitive theory, in order to learn from a model, what factors must be present?

TB_02_100_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory_LO 2.8_APA LO 1.1

According to Piaget, what is a scheme?

TB_02_101_Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory_LO 2.9_APA LO 1.1

What would Vygotsky call a developmental level in a child’s life when he or she is primed biologically and is

socially ready to learn a new behavior?

TB_02_102_Evaluation of Cognitive Theories_LO 2.11_APA LO 1.1

If someone asked you whether or not you find Vygotsky’s theory to be useful in understanding development, what

would be your well-informed response?

TB_02_103_Ethology and Sociobiology_LO 2.13_APA LO 1.1

I believe that we need to understand an individual’s ability to adapt to their environment in order to explain their

development. From which theory am I working?

TB_02_104_Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory_LO 2.14_APA LO 1.1

Using Bronfenbrenner’s theory, give a brief example of things that might exist in my macrosystem.

TB_02_105_Comparing Theories_LO 2.15_APA LO 1.1

Name two developmental theories that propose that we are active in shaping our own development.

Essay Questions

TB_02_106_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory_LO 2.1_APA LO 1.1

Briefly describe the function of the id in human behavior.

TB_02_107_No Easy Answers_LO 2.2_APA LO 1.1

Summarize the repressed memory controversy.

TB_02_108_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory_LO 2.2_APA LO 1.1

Explain three basic principles of Erikson’s theory of development.

TB_02_109_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory_LO 2.2_APA LO 1.1

At which stage of development would a 25-year-old adult be in Erikson’s theory? Name the crisis to be resolved in

this stage and give an example of this resolution.

TB_02_110_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning_LO 2.5_APA LO 1.1

Many people do not understand the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment. Explain the

difference between these two concepts. Give an example of each.

TB_02_111_Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory_LO 2.6_APA LO 1.1

Give an example of Bandura’s social-cognitive learning at work. Your example must show that you understand the

concepts of modeling and how individuals choose whom and what behaviors to model.

TB_02_112_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory_LO 2.8_APA LO 1.1

Three of Piaget’s basic concepts are schemes, accommodation, and assimilation. Give an example to illustrate each

of these concepts.

TB_02_113_Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory_LO 2.9_APA LO 1.1

What did Vygotsky mean by the terms scaffolding and the zone of proximal development?

TB_02_114_Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory_LO 2.14_APA LO 1.1

Name the three systems that make up Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory. Give examples of components that

might be included in each.