18
TB_01_61_The Experimental Method_LO 1.10_APA LO 2.4
Researchers designed an experiment to study the effects of a professor’s sense of humor on enrollment numbers.
What is the independent variable in this study?
A) The college professor
B) The college professor’s sense of humor
C) Students considering attending college
D) The number of students who enroll
TB_01_62_The Experimental Method_LO 1.10_APA LO 2.4
A new medicine for headaches is in clinical trials. The patients who are receiving this new drug are members of
which group?
A) The placebo group
B) The control group
C) The experimental group
D) The independent group
TB_01_63_The Experimental Method_LO 1.10_APA LO 2.4
In an experiment, what do we call the group of participants who receive a neutral treatment?
A) Independent variable
B) Control group
C) Experimental group
D) Dependent variable
TB_01_64_The Experimental Method_LO 1.10_APA LO 2.4
A researcher wants to study developing human fetuses that have already been exposed to radiation. Which type of
research would be best suited for this?
A) Experimentation
B) Quasi-experimentation
C) Case study
D) Naturalistic observation
19
TB_01_65_Designs for Studying Age-Related Changes_LO 1.11_APA LO 2.4
In which of the following research designs are subjects of different ages studied at the same time and the results
compared?
A) Longitudinal
B) Cross-sectional
C) Sequential
D) Cross-cultural
TB_01_66_Designs for Studying Age-Related Changes_LO 1.11_APA LO 2.4
Which of the following is the best example of a cross-sectional research study?
A) Dr. Huang assessed the eye-hand coordination of the second, fourth, and sixth graders of Maple Leaf Elementary
School in September 2006.
B) Dr. Sanchez assessed the eye-hand coordination of the second, fourth, and sixth graders of Maple Leaf
Elementary School in December 2006, and the same children will be tested again in 2008, 2010, and 2012.
C) Each year at the beginning of the school year, the five children of the Jones family visit their family doctor to
have physical exams.
D) Each year the five-year-olds of Washington, D.C., are given number and letter proficiency exams before they
begin kindergarten.
TB_01_67_Designs for Studying Age-Related Changes_LO 1.11_APA LO 2.4
Cohort effects are most commonly associated with which type of research design?
A) Cross-sectional designs
B) Longitudinal designs
C) Sequential designs
D) Quasi-experimental designs
20
TB_01_68_Designs for Studying Age-Related Changes_LO 1.11_APA LO 2.4
Which of the following is the best example of a longitudinal research study?
A) Dr. Ngo studied four groups of children aged six, eight, ten, and twelve to determine how therapy helps children
cope with their parents’ divorce.
B) To determine how alcohol affects the retention of information, researchers monitored subjects’ ingestion of
alcohol while the subjects were learning to play a complicated game.
C) Dr. Cisneros initially studied a group of recently-divorced 40-year-olds to evaluate their communication skills,
and continued to study their interpersonal relationships for 30 years.
D) In December 2004, researchers surveyed shoppers at local malls to assess peoples’ attitudes about retirement and
their plans for post-retirement activities.
TB_01_69_Designs for Studying Age-Related Changes_LO 1.11_APA LO 2.4
Which type of research design is intended to avoid the shortcomings of both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies
by combining features of both?
A) Sequential design
B) Cross-longitudinal design
C) Longitudinal case study
D) Correlational study
TB_01_70_Designs for Studying Age-Related Changes_LO 1.11_APA LO 2.4
Your text uses an example of a sequential study in which “Baby Boomer” women were the participants. Which of
the following was a finding of that study?
A) The relationship between age and reported frequency of marital conflict was the same across cohorts.
B) The different cohorts’ self-perceptions of femininity declined in parallel fashion. This represents a true
developmental change.
C) Because this was a sequential study, no reliable findings can be reported.
D) The relationship between age and reported frequency of marital conflict was different in each cohort.
21
TB_01_71_Cross-Cultural Research_LO 1.12_APA LO 2.4
Which is the best term to describe when a researcher lives in a particular culture for an extended time in order to
gain a detailed understanding and description of the culture?
A) Ethnography
B) Sociology
C) Sociobiology
D) Ethnopsychology
TB_01_72_Cross-Cultural Research_LO 1.12_APA LO 2.4
The two primary goals of cross-cultural research are to identify universal changes that cross cultures and to
A) demonstrate cultural diversity in the social sciences.
B) nurture more culturally sensitive attitudes.
C) gain information that will help improve people’s lives.
D) determine the effects that one culture has upon another.
TB_01_73_Research Ethics_LO 1.13_APA LO 2.4
Which of the following statements is true about research ethics?
A) Research ethics apply to human research but not animal research.
B) Research ethics apply to animal research but not human research.
C) Research ethics apply to both human and animal research.
D) Research ethics are another word for laws.
TB_01_74_Research Ethics_LO 1.13_APA LO 2.4
In survey research, it is very important that the participants reflect the characteristics of the whole group of people
being studied. To which characteristic of the sample are we referring?
A) Similarity
B) Bias
C) Representativeness
D) Social desirability
22
TB_01_75_Research Ethics_LO 1.13_APA LO 2.4
Participants in research projects must be told of any harmful effects or possible risks associated with the research in
advance of their participation. What is this ethical responsibility called?
A) Deception
B) Protection from harm
C) Knowledge of results
D) Informed consent
TB_01_76_Research Ethics_LO 1.13_APA LO 2.4
Darius participated in a study of the effects of alcohol on long-term memory. More than a year after his participation
ended, he received a newsletter telling him all about the results of the study. The researchers were following the
ethical guideline that mandates
A) knowledge of results.
B) informed consent.
C) full disclosure.
D) protection against harm.
TB_01_77_Research Ethics_LO 1.13_APA LO 2.4
Which of the following best explains the protection from harm aspect of research ethics?
A) Absolutely no harm, neither permanent nor temporary, can come to the participants during the research.
B) As long as the harm is temporary and only lasts for the duration of the research, it is okay.
C) If temporary harm may be caused by the research, the researchers must provide a way to relieve that harm.
D) As long as the participants are informed of the possibility of harm before the research begins, no ethical
violations are considered.
23
TB_01_78_Summary_APA LO 1.3
After reading Chapter 1, which of the following should you be able to apply to your daily life?
A) You will be able to start your own research projects in developmental psychology once you have read Chapter 1.
B) You will have some tools to critically evaluate research and make an informed decision as to applying the
research findings to your daily life.
C) You will be able to properly write a research report on your own.
D) You should always be skeptical of research and realize that most research is done with bias towards the desired
results.
24
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
TB_01_79_Philosophical and Scientific Roots_LO 1.1_APA LO 1.2
The Christian doctrine of original sin is often attributed to fourth-century philosopher _____________________.
TB_01_80_Philosophical and Scientific Roots_LO 1.1_APA LO 1.2
The ideas of the English philosopher John Locke would suggest that at birth human beings are ________ waiting to
receive information.
TB_01_81_The Lifespan Perspective_LO 1.2_APA LO 1.2
When we gather data from different sources of academia, we are taking a(n) ________ approach to research.
TB_01_82_The Domains and Periods of Development_LO 1.3_APA LO 1.2
Celia has an outgoing, friendly personality, while her best friend Chester is shy and reserved. We are describing
Celia and Chester through the ________ domain of development.
TB_01_83_The Domains and Periods of Development_LO 1.3_APA LO 1.2
As we age, the transition between stages of development becomes more ________ in terms of defining milestones.
25
TB_01_84_Nature versus Nurture_LO 1.4_APA LO 1.2
The internal model of experience assumes that events themselves are not as important in influencing development as
are the individual’s ________ of those events.
TB_01_85_Three Kinds of Change_LO 1.6_APA LO 1.2
Normative ________ changes are universal, in that they apply to everyone at the same period of maturation.
TB_01_86_Three Kinds of Change_LO 1.6_APA LO 1.2
Your text suggests that the period from 6–12 months might be the sensitive period for ________.
TB_01_87_Contexts of Development_LO 1.7_APA LO 1.2
Both of Asa’s parents, and all four of her grandparents, have heart disease. We might assume that Asa will be more
________ to heart problems than her cohorts.
TB_01_88_The Goals of Developmental Science_LO 1.8_APA LO 2.4
A major difference between a theory and a hypothesis is that hypotheses are ________.
26
TB_01_89_The Goals of Developmental Science_LO 1.8_APA LO 2.4
The four goals of developmental psychology are to ________, ________, ________ and ________ human behavior.
TB_01_90_Descriptive Methods_LO 1.9_APA LO 2.4
One major weakness of naturalistic observation is, according to your text, ________.
TB_01_91_Descriptive Methods_LO 1.9_APA LO 2.4
Correlational research does not allow us to show ________ relationships.
TB_01_92_The Experimental Method_LO 1.10_APA LO 2.4
In an experiment, if participants have equal chances of being assigned to the different groups, we say that
assignment was ________.
TB_01_93_The Experimental Method_LO 1.10_APA LO 2.4
A(n) _________ is a study that tests a causal hypothesis.
27
Short Answer Questions
TB_01_94_An Introduction to Human Development_LO 1.1_APA LO 1.2
How has the study of human development changed over the last two centuries?
TB_01_95_Philosophical and Scientific Roots_LO 1.1_APA LO 1.2
What contributions did Arnold Gesell make to the study of human development?
TB_01_96_The Domains and Periods of Development_LO 1.3_APA LO 1.2
List the three domains of development.
TB_01_97_The Domains and Periods of Development_LO 1.3_APA LO 1.2
Identify the periods of development.
28
TB_01_98_Nature versus Nurture, LO 1.4, APA LO 1.2
All children begin to smile and coo at approximately the same age. Identify at least two key concepts that you might
use to explain these behaviors.
TB_01_99_Continuity versus Discontinuity_LO 1.5_APA LO 2.4
Briefly explain how quantitative change and qualitative change relate to continuity and discontinuity.
TB_01_100_Three Kinds of Change_LO 1.6_APA LO 1.2
Give at least three examples of normative age-graded changes.
TB_01_101_Three Kinds of Change_LO 1.6_APA LO 1.2
Joshua entered puberty much later than his peers. What terms might you use to describe how this could affect
Joshua’s social development?
TB_01_102_Three Kinds of Change_LO 1.6_APA LO 1.2
Give at least three examples of normative history-graded influences.
29
TB_01_103_Contexts of Development_LO 1.7_APA LO 1.2
Briefly define the terms vulnerability and resilience.
TB_01_104_Contexts of Development_LO 1.7_APA LO 1.2
Briefly define the term culture.
TB_01_105_The Goals of Developmental Science_LO 1.8_APA LO 2.4
What are the goals of developmental science?
TB_01_106_Descriptive Methods_LO 1.9_APA LO 2.4
In research, what is the difference between a population and a sample?
TB_01_107_The Experimental Method_LO 1.10_APA LO 2.4
You are taking part in an experiment to test the effectiveness of cognitive therapy in treating anxiety. There are two
groups: one group receives cognitive therapy; the other group meets weekly with a therapist who does not use
cognitive therapy, but merely chats during the session. Using the terminology of research, identify each of the two
types of groups.
30
TB_01_108_Research Ethics_LO 1.13_APA LO 2.4
Identify at least three of the ethical standards for research involving human participants.
31
Essay Questions
TB_01_109_Philosophical and Scientific Roots_LO 1.1_APA LO 1.2
Compare and contrast the philosophies of John Locke and Charles Darwin as they apply to developmental theory.
TB_01_110_An Introduction to Human Development_LO 1.1_APA LO 1.2
Compare and contrast the views of at least three early researchers. Explain how you would reconcile these differing
and sometimes conflicting views.
TB_01_111_Nature versus Nurture_LO 1.4_APA LO 1.2
Explain the concept of internal models of experience and give an example from your own experience.
TB_01_112_Three Kinds of Change_LO 1.6_APA LO 1.2
What is a critical period? What is a sensitive period? Give examples to illustrate your answers.
32
TB_01_113, Research Report, LO 1.6, APA LO 1.2
Briefly summarize the research carried out by Glen Elder and his colleagues on children in the Great Depression.
TB_01_114_Contexts of Development_LO 1.7_APA LO 1.2
Give an example of how context, vulnerability, and resilience may influence development.
TB_01_115_The Goals of Developmental Science_LO 1.8_APA LO 2.4
Explain the difference between a theory and a hypothesis. Give an example of each.
TB_01_116_Descriptive Methods_LO 1.9_APA LO 2.4
You are reading a research report on the relationship between playing Mozart during pregnancy and a child’s future
intelligence. The researchers report a correlation coefficient of +1.67. Explain what this means.
TB_01_117_The Experimental Method_LO 1.10_APA LO 2.4
Write a hypothesis that will allow you to research the relationship between a pre-adolescent’s drug use and their
propensity toward ADHD. Identify the independent and dependent variables in your study.
33
TB_01_118, No Easy Answers, LO 1.11, APA LO 2.4
Why do the authors say that whenever someone asks you about research conclusions, you should always begin your
answer with “It depends…”?