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In the Learning Together a model of cooperative learning, students work in:
a) homogeneous groups.
b) randomly-assigned groups.
c) heterogeneous groups.
d) self selected groups.
The trend to use social comparison information to evaluate the self appears to
correspond with developmental changes in:
a) physical development.
b) academic self-esteem.
c) abstract thinking.
d) cognition.
In one study, researchers investigated the relation between students' attentiveness in
class and their achievements and IQs. This type of study is an example of a/an:
a) Single-case experiment
b) Correlational study
c) Longitudinal study
d) Attitudinal survey
The Premack Principle links less-desired activities to:
a) misbehavior.
b) positive participation.
c) enjoyable activities.
d) punishment.
According to our text, what is one of the most important ingredients of effective
instruction?
a) Good presentation skills
b) Motivation
c) A structured lesson plan
d) Classroom resources
According to Piaget, during which stage of moral development will the subject begin to
weigh consequences of his or her actions?
a) Heteronomous morality
b) Autonomous morality
c) Moral dilemmas
d) Postconventional level of morality
Sometimes, when old ways of dealing with the world simply don"t work, a child might
modify an existing scheme in light of new information or a new experience. This is a
process called:
a) Avoidance
b) Assimilation
c) Accommodation
d) Acculturization
A child's ability to create expectations satisfied by the need for food and affection is an
example of which of Erikson's stages?
a) Autonomy versus doubt
b) Identify versus role confusion
c) Trust versus mistrust
d) Intimacy versus isolation
According to Erikson, parents who are severely punish children's attempts at initiative
will make children feel guilty about:
a) bonding.
b) their natural urges.
c) developing identity.
d) maintaining integrity.
What is the best way for a middle-school teacher to communicate objectives to
students?
a) List objectives that students have already met.
b) Introduce objectives at the end of the lesson.
c) State objectives at the beginning of a lesson.
d) Take steps to avoid establishing "mental set."
After three years of declining achievement test scores, the West Rockaway school board
voted 12"1 in favor of adopting a standard direct instruction model for use by all
teachers in the district. Their rationale was that if all teachers were trained and were
required to use the model, student achievement would improve. During the fall
inservice, teachers received training and were told to post the steps of the model in their
classrooms, and use it for all their lessons.
Dr. Feinman, an elementary principal in the district who attended the inservice, thought
to herself, "This is a great idea. I can evaluate my teachers on how well they can follow
the steps of the model. No more heated discussions with teachers who argue that a poor
evaluation is just a difference of opinion in teaching philosophies."
Across the table from Dr. Feinman sat Mr. Casey, a third-grade teacher at West
Rockaway Elementary School where Dr. Feinman was principal. His thoughts were the
opposite of his supervisor. "This is a sad day for teachers. First we're given curriculum
guides from the state, lesson plans from textbook manufacturers, and now we're being
told that we have to teach in one way and one way only. What was the point of all those
years of college to learn how to teach? Doesn't anyone trust me to be professional?"
From what you have learned in the chapter, discuss the school board's plan. Do you
think the plan will work? Why or why not? Discuss what the school might be like after
six months, a year, and five years after implementation of the plan.
The establishment of cutoff scores for criterion-referenced tests:
a) is at a point above which 50 percent of the norming sample fall.
b) employs an 80 percent criterion for difficult objectives and a 90 percent criterion for
easy ones.
c) relies on the professional judgment of teachers and other school personnel.
d) is set by the school psychologist.
Which of the following is transfer of learning that involves the application of items
taught in isolation of the classroom to a day-to-day application?
a) Initial learning
b) Real-life transfer of learning
c) Learning in context
d) Explicit transfer
A problem for standardized testing that is especially prevalent in lower socioeconomic
status urban area schools is:
a) high student mobility.
b) low child measurability.
c) high infant mortality.
d) low student mobility.
The importance of the bioecological approach is in emphasizing:
a) The interconnectedness of the many factors that influence a child's development
b) The social aspect of children's learning and development
c) The focus on the child as a unique individual rather than a miniature adult
d) The environmental influences that impact the developmental process
Research has not detailed the conditions in which this study strategy can increase
comprehension or the retention of written material.
a) Practice tests
b) Note-taking
c) Underlining
d) Summarizing
Tamika is a sixth-grade student who mocks the teacher when her back is turned. Tamika
is seeking:
a) the teacher's attention.
b) the attention of peers.
c) the attention of parents.
d) the attention of an administrative official.
Early literacy developments depend on:
a) A student's gender based preferences for literature
b) Cultural awareness
c) Children's experiences at home and their learning about books and letters
d) Social experiences outside of the home
In the formal operational stage, the preadolescent is beginning to think:
a) Constructively
b) Abstractly
c) Intelligently
d) Reasonably
What is an advantage of drill and practice computer programs over seatwork?
a) students can work at a constant pace.
b) students can get immediate feedback
c) students can learn new material
d) students can develop critical thinking skills.
Associative play is play that:
a) occurs alone.
b) occurs when children join together.
c) occurs when children play with very little interaction.
d) occurs with increased levels of interaction.
The Obama administration is continuing many of the policies of NCLB. Elements of
the current administration's policies maintain:
a) pressure for standardized assessments as second in importance to state independence.
b) limited acceptance for the value of charter schools in the public sector.
c) strong accountability for student test scores.
d) historical context for state-level assessment issues.
Cooperative learning methods fall into which of these two broad categories?
a) Study method and visual learning
b) Study method and active learning
c) Passive learning and common assessments
d) Individual learning and common assessments
Which level of Bloom's taxonomy exhibits the most complex level of understanding?
a) Analysis
b) Comprehension
c) Application
d) Synthesis
Typically, standardized tests are carefully constructed to provide accurate information
reflecting:
a) the highest achieving students' abilities clearly to set goals for all other students.
b) clear demarcation between ability levels to define tracking levels.
c) each student's intelligence quotient.
d) each student's level of performance.
What type of reinforcer is being encountered when students enjoy
taking a !eld trip (which is the reward itself)?
a) intrinsic
b) extrinsic
c) negative
d) primary
Which term refers to the developmental stage at which a person becomes capable of
reproduction?
a) Maturation
b) Moratorium
c) Puberty
d) Menopause
Which of the following phrases best characterizes critical thinking?
a) Focus on correct answer rather than reasons for an answer
b) Tolerate misleading interpretations of facts
c) Incubate irrational ideas
d) Recognize logical inconsistencies
Discontinuous theories of development focus on:
a) Inborn factors rather than environmental influences
b) Environmental influences rather than genetic factors
c) The importance of environment rather than heredity
d) The detrimental effects of disruption in nurturing caregivers
Which of the following is an accurate statement about the role of educational
psychology in teacher preparation?
a) Educational psychology is the study of learning theory as it relates to aspects of
education outside of the classroom
b) Educational psychology aims to improve teacher candidates' subject matter
knowledge
c) Educational psychology provides teachers with specific actions to improve classroom
teaching
d) Educational psychology provides teachers with research-based principles to guide
their teaching
Moving closer to a student who is talking and disrupting class is a prime example of
a(n):
a) nonverbal cue.
b) verbal cue.
c) repeated reminder.
d) application of consequence.
One important principle of creative problem solving is to:
a) quickly find a solution.
b) realize that the solution may be impossible.
c) seek the expertise of those who have greater knowledge of the problem.
d) avoid rushing to a solution.
Performance standards for criterion-referenced testing are commonly determined by:
a) relative position.
b) class rank.
c) peer group responses.
d) absolute standards.
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs:
a) maintaining a positive self-concept is the most basic need.
b) each need functions independently of all others.
c) safety needs must be satisfied before a person can seek to satisfy higher needs.
d) reinforcement is more important than avoiding punishment during early childhood,
while avoiding punishment is more important during middle childhood.
Your author presents a model that builds upon the work of John Carroll. This model has
four elements. Please list each element, define each element and provide an example of
classroom practice that illustrates that element.
How well do findings from research support the effectiveness of the direct instruction
approach? What research questions still need to be considered?
List the steps of the PQ4R method and describe its usefulness.
Describe a study you might conduct using a descriptive research design.
Criticisms of standardized tests often center on bias. Describe two specific examples of
test bias.
What personal and professional characteristics contribute to being an effective teacher?
Having completed your first year of teaching, with its ups and downs, you are planning
for great success in your second year. You want to prevent behavior problems by doing
what effective teachers do, so you take a second look at Kounin's findings, and come up
with four resolutions to follow in your classroom. These are four rules for yourself, not
for students. You will monitor your teaching daily to make sure you implement these
resolutions.
Describe your set of four "rules for teachers" based on the strategies Kounin derived
from observations of effective teachers. Explain why a teacher should follow each
directive. What challenges do you think you would encounter in following your plan?
How does social learning theory bridge the gap between behavioral
and cognitive learning theories?
Your text tells the story of a fourth-grade teacher presenting a lesson on long division.
List all the ways in which he was effective in addressing the learning needs of his
students.
Select a familiar topic. On scrap paper, list several learning objectives you would use in
teaching this topic. Be sure your objectives represent a variety of levels from Bloom's
taxonomy.
Design three multiple-choice items to assess some of your objectives. For each
question, state the objective, and identify the level at which Bloom would classify it.
Design your multiple-choice questions so that each reflects a different level of Bloom's
taxonomy.
Norm-referenced achievement tests fall into several categories: achievement batteries;
diagnostic tests; and subject area achievement tests. Describe and give an example of
each.
Researchers claim that few genetically based differences exist between males and
females; however, differences are still observed. What types of differences exist and to
what are the differences attributed?
Why do students misbehave?
A teacher wants to encourage team building in students. What type of cooperative
learning method would you recommend the teacher use? Explain your choice.
Drawing on Gronlund's six principles, describe three points that need to be considered
when preparing achievement tests. For each of your three points, illustrate a problem
that would result if Gronlund's principle were not observed.
Evaluate behavioral learning theories (as a group), identifying both
strengths and weaknesses.
