Schizophrenia is a complex disorder in which both ____ and ____ play important roles.
a. dopamine; GABA
b. serotonin; GABA
c. glutamate; serotonin
d. dopamine; glutamate
If a kitten is reared in an environment consisting entirely of horizontal lines, the visual
cortex becomes:
a. normal.
b. insensitive to horizontal lines.
c. sensitive to almost nothing but horizontal lines.
d. inactive, failing to respond to any visual stimuli at all.
Many dendrites contain short outgrowths called spines that:
a. increase the surface area available for synapses.
b. increase the speed of transmission.
c. eliminate cell waste products.
d. increase the symmetry of the cell.
Lesions or tumors to the temporal or prefrontal cortex can produce symptoms
resembling:
a. depression.
b. schizophrenia.
c. spatial neglect.
d. aphasia.
Which of the following characterizes total brain activity, as measured by the rate of
glucose metabolism, in those suffering from mood disorders?
a. high in both mania and depression
b. low in both mania and depression
c. low in mania and high in depression
d. high in mania and low in depression
The strongest evidence for a critical period for human language development is the:
a. exceptional language abilities of children with Williams syndrome.
b. different lateralization of first language and second language.
c. differences in language between Broca’s aphasia and Wernicke’s aphasia.
d. difficulty deaf children have learning sign language if they start late.
The malleus, incus, and stapes are small bones:
a. in the inner ear.
b. in the outer ear.
c. that transmit information from the outer ear to the middle ear.
d. that transmit information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.
In a myelinated axon, where are sodium gates abundant?
a. in the areas covered by myelin
b. at the nodes of Ranvier
c. throughout the axon
d. only in the axon hillock
V1 neurons would be most strongly activated by viewing:
a. the letter T.
b. a circle.
c. repeating stripes on a flag.
d. a single bar of light.
After damage to the ventral roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind
of loss?
a. Sensation from the affected body area
b. Control of the peripheral muscles in the affected body area
c. Control of organs in the affected body area
d. Control of the muscles on the opposite side of the body
In studies that paired a tone with an air puff to the cornea of rabbits, learning was found
to depend on one nucleus of the:
a. cerebellum.
b. hypothalamus.
c. thalamus.
d. hippocampus.
Genetic studies of schizophrenia have found that:
a. there are probably several possible genes that increase a person’s risk for
schizophrenia.
b. a single gene on the X chromosome accounts for most cases of schizophrenia.
c. schizophrenia has about the same heritability as Huntington’s disease.
d. dizygotic twins are more concordant for schizophrenia than monozygotic twins.
In humans, a fever above ____ is life-threatening.
a. 37C (98F)
b. 39C (103F)
c. 41C (109F)
d. 36C (96F)
With experience, the motor skills required to drive a car become more automatic over
time mostly because of changes in the:
a. cerebellum.
b. primary motor cortex.
c. basal ganglia.
d. spinal cord.
What evidence do we have that the preoptic area controls body temperature?
a. After damage to the preoptic area, an animal will simultaneously sweat and shiver.
b. Each cell in the preoptic area has a temperature at which it is most active.
c. Removed cells maintain a constant temperature even in a cell culture.
d. Heating or cooling the preoptic area leads to sweating or shivering.
What modern day practice helps prevent an inadequate production of thyroid
hormones?
a. fluoride in drinking water
b. processed sugar
c. iodized salt
d. artificial sweeteners
Tricyclic drugs work by:
a. blocking the release of catecholamines.
b. preventing the presynaptic cell from reabsorbing catecholamines.
c. directly stimulating the postsynaptic cell’s catecholamine receptors.
d. increasing the rate of synthesis of catecholamines.
Damage to the primary auditory cortex results in:
a. difficulty in responding to sequences of sounds
b. complete deafness
c. tone deafness
d. inability to hear sounds other than one’s own voice
A deafferented limb:
a. has lost its sensory input.
b. has lost its motor control.
c. is an amputated limb.
d. is one which an organism uses spontaneously.
What is the benefit of maintaining a body temperature of 37 degrees Celsius?
a. warmer muscles
b. more protein
c. more blood
d. more body water
The doses of various drugs that are typically prescribed for schizophrenia are closely
related to the strength of what effect?
a. elevated alpha waves on an EEG
b. blockage of dopamine receptors
c. delays in the onset of REM sleep
d. increases in the rate of dopamine synthesis
Define synesthesia.
The primary feature of a neuron that prevents the action potential from traveling back
from where it just passed is the:
a. concentration gradient.
b. refractory period.
c. sodium potassium pump.
d. phospholipid bilayer.
Of these treatments for depression–drugs, psychotherapy, and electroshock–which one
(if any) usually produces benefits FASTEST?
a. drugs
b. psychotherapy
c. electroshock
d. There is no difference.
In operant conditioning, punishment is:
a. a stimulus that produces a reflexive response.
b. an event that decreases the future probability of a response.
c. an event that increases the future probability of a response.
d. an event that prevents a response.
People with Williams syndrome develop language slowly at first, and their ____
continues to be odd, like that of someone who learned a second language late in life.
a. prosody
b. grammar
c. semantics
d. phonology
Children with strabismus fail to develop:
a. perception of movement.
b. the ability to recognize faces.
c. stereoscopic depth perception.
d. any kind of depth perception.
What is the name of the receptor cells of the auditory system?
a. rods and cones
b. sound bulbs
c. hair cells
d. basilar membranes
High cortisol levels increase the likelihood that hippocampal cells will be:
a. responsive to new learning.
b. capable of generating a circadian rhythm.
c. synchronized to sensory stimulation.
d. vulnerable to damage by toxins.
The presynaptic terminal stores high concentrations of neurotransmitter molecules in:
a. axons
b. vesicles
c. peptides
d. dendrites
A set point refers to:
a. a very narrow range that the body works to maintain at a stable level.
b. the regulation of blood flow.
c. the release of hormones at a set point in time.
d. initiating a change in body temperature at a set point in time.
The way that mammals with damage to their preoptic area regulate their body
temperature is similar to what other group?
a. birds
b. reptiles
c. normal mammals
d. inanimate objects
Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons bringing messages from the
senses to the central nervous system?
a. Autonomic
b. Sympathetic
c. Somatic
d. Parasympathetic
Some cranial nerves include both sensory and motor components.
A child born without a corpus callosum can name something felt with the left hand, but
an adult who suffered damage to the corpus callosum cannot. What are two likely
explanations?
A common test of working memory is the delayed response task.
The coding of visual information in your brain results in an exact duplicate of the
object’s shape on the surface of the cortex.
Damage to the medulla is frequently fatal.
Congenital adrenal hypertrophy, the most common cause of the intersex condition,
occurs when the adrenal gland releases ____ than average levels of the hormone
cortisol, causing the hypothalamus and pituitary to release _____ than average levels of
ACTH.
A more; more
B more; less
C less; more
D less; less
In contrast to the other senses, taste information is received primarily by the ipsilateral
hemisphere.
Apoptosis is distinct from necrosis, which is death caused by an injury or a toxic
substance.
Name the major parts of the ventricular system.
What is the neuromuscular junction?
Nerve growth factor is a chemical that promotes the survival and activity of neurons.
Describe the areas and major functions of the primary motor cortex (include the
relevant areas near to the motor cortex).
Answer:
Answers will vary.
The supplementary motor cortex is mainly active when preparing for an organized
sequence of movements.
The amygdala is one of the main areas for integrating both environmental and genetic
influences, and then regulating the current level of anxiety.
Describe the basic anatomy and function of the spinal cord.
Answer:
Answers will vary.
A research study linked different genes for the enzyme MAO-A to the probability of
antisocial behavior. The effect of the gene varied from small to great, depending on
what?
A whether the person lived in a large or small town
B whether the person lived alone or with others
C whether the person was maltreated during childhood
D whether the person’s diet was high or low in fats and carbohydrates
Genes become more prevalent in a population if they contribute to reproductive
success.
MAOIs, tricyclics, and SSRIs all produce which effect on neurons?
A equalized release of glutamate and GABA
B increased or prolonged serotonin or dopamine in synapses
C blockage of dopamine receptors
D increased amplitude and velocity of action potentials
Briefly describe how drug abuse can “rewire” the brain.
Answer:
Answers will vary.