One way to relieve the pain associated with a phantom limb is to:
a. remove more of the amputated limb.
b. have the amputee learn to use an artificial limb.
c. stimulate that part of the cortex.
d. help them understand that there is no neural basis for these sensations.
Which of the following is a characteristic of glial cells in the human brain?
a. They are larger than neurons.
b. They are capable of transmitting impulses when neurons fail to do so.
c. They are more numerous than neurons.
d. They are like neurons, except that they lack axons.
Damage to the ____ results in a diminished ability to experience and recognize disgust.
a. temporal cortex
b. insular cortex
c. hippocampus
d. frontal cortex
Why is a genetic explanation for altruism problematic?
a. Only non-human animals exhibit altruistic behaviors.
b. Altruistic behaviors rarely benefit the individual performing them.
c. Altruism is more common among the young than among adults.
d. No behavior has been linked to any genes.
Among people who had been in severe automobile accidents, the ones who develop
PTSD are more likely to have:
a. more severe head injury.
b. a smaller than average hippocampus.
c. longer recovery times.
d. larger cortisol responses.
The areas important for detecting osmotic pressure and the salt content of the blood
include:
a. substantia nigra.
b. red nucleus.
c. ventromedial hypothalamus.
d. OVLT and subfornical organ.
Local anesthetic drugs attach to the sodium channels of the membrane, which:
a. allows sodium ions to enter and stop action potential.
b. prevents potassium ions from entering and stopping action potential.
c. allows potassium ions to enter and stop action potential.
d. prevents sodium ions from entering and stopping action potential.
Ribosomes are the part of a cell that:
a. performs metabolic activities.
b. breaks down harmful chemicals.
c. transports proteins.
d. synthesizes new proteins.
The receptive field of a receptor is the:
a. point at which the optic nerve exits the retina.
b. axon hillock.
c. point in space from which light strikes the receptor.
d. point where light shines on, and excites, the visual cortex.
The first digestive site that absorbs a significant amount of nutrients is the:
a. mouth.
b. stomach.
c. duodenum.
d. vagus.
Among identical twins, if one of them has PTSD, then the other is also likely to have a:
a. small hippocampus.
b. large hippocampus.
c. large adrenal gland.
d. small adrenal gland.
Which of the following is NOT common in people with Parkinson’s disease?
a. Difficulty initiating voluntary movements
b. Slowness of movements
c. Rigidity and tremors
d. Outbursts of emotions
Musicians who use the left hand to finger the violin strings have some alterations in one
brain area, which is the:
a. left hemisphere prefrontal cortex.
b. right hemisphere prefrontal cortex.
c. left hemisphere postcentral gyrus.
d. right hemisphere postcentral gyrus.
In some cases, ____ enables people to maintain nearly normal behavior even after
losing most of the axons in some pathway.
a. receptor supersensitivity
b. disuse supersensitivity
c. extra supersensitivity
d. response supersensitivity
One hypothesis of synesthesia is:
a. that all of the axons from one cortical area have more branches into that cortical area.
b. that all of the axons from one cortical area have branches into another cortical area.
c. that some of the axons from one cortical area have branches into another cortical
area.
d. that some of the axons from one cortical area have more branches into that cortical
area.
____ in the brain and spinal cord and ____ in the periphery are specialized types of glia
that build the myelin sheaths that surround neurons.
a. Oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells
b. Schwann cells; oligodendrocytes
c. Microglia; oligodendrocytes
d. Radial glia; Schwann cells
Chemicals that release energy when struck by light are called:
a. photo-optics.
b. photopigments.
c. opsins.
d. kestrels.
A diet low in calcium could possible interfere with learning by preventing:
a. the sodium potassium pump from working.
b. dendrite migration.
c. NMDA receptor production.
d. activation of CaMKII.
Deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory is termed:
a. priming.
b. explicit memory.
c. procedural memory.
d. declarative memory.
In humans, myelination first occurs in the:
a. spinal cord.
b. hindbrain.
c. midbrain.
d. forebrain.
Together, the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system make up the
_____ nervous system.
a. peripheral
b. central
c. sympathetic
d. dorsal
Which of the following is NOT a catecholamine?
a. Dopamine
b. Epinephrine
c. Norepinephrine
d. Serotonin
Which of the following is an example of a motor program in a human?
a. yawning
b. a list of things to do today
c. a baby’s first steps
d. a teenager learning to drive
In general, when do hormones produce “organizing effects”?
a. whenever the levels of some other hormone have decreased
b. during early stages in development
c. during adulthood
d. temporarily at any time in life
Chemicals than cannot flow freely across a cell membrane enter a neuron through:
a. a Golgi complex.
b. specialized protein channels.
c. the endoplasmic reticulum.
d. gaps in the myelin sheath.
A quick typist would rely heavily on the ____ cortex to organize smooth sequences of
finger movements.
a. supplementary motor
b. premotor
c. prefrontal
d. occipital
What type of glial cells myelinate axons in the brain and spinal cord?
a. oligodendrocytes
b. Schwann cells
c. radial glia
d. astrocytes
If supersensitivity takes place, what can one expect to find regarding the number of
receptors?
a. An increased number in the presynaptic cell
b. A decreased number in the presynaptic cell
c. An increased number in the postsynaptic cell
d. A decreased number in the postsynaptic cell
What develops from the Mllerian ducts?
a. the bladder and urethra
b. peripheral nerves controlling the genitals
c. female reproductive structures
d. male reproductive structures
____ prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
a. Testosterone
b. Androgen
c. Progesterone
d. Estradiol
Enzymes serve as ____.
a. genetic templates
b. physiological markers of chemical reactions in the body
c. biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body
d. catalysts for the synthesis of protein molecules
Night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors:
a. occur during REM sleep.
b. occur during NREM sleep.
c. are far more common in adults than children.
d. usually involve sleep talking.
Prefrontal cortex damage always results in poor decisions.
Information in short term memory is lost more easily than long term memory.
The parietal lobe lies between the occipital lobe and the central sulcus.
Mirror neurons are active both during preparation for a movement and while watching
someone else perform the same or a similar movement.
Describe the differences between labeled-line and across-fiber pattern chemical coding.
Answer:
Answers will vary.
The primary function of the cerebral cortex appears to be elaboration of sensory
material.
Some neurotransmitters are monoamines.
Cones are essential for color vision.
Photopigments are stable in the dark.
Auditory receptors are called hair cells.
Paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord are called the corticospinal tracts.
The hindbrain consists of the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum.
Opiates work at the pain receptors in the skin.
Dendrites and cell bodies are capable of producing action potentials.
Generally speaking, dopamine and glutamate have opposite effects in the prefrontal
cortex.