One principle of the autonomic nervous system is the concept of ____.
a. synergy
b. dual innervation
c. a relay center
d. a limbic system
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an axon?
a. It can be up to a meter long.
b. It has a constant diameter.
c. It carries information toward the cell body.
d. It may be covered with a myelin sheath.
According to research on visual development in animals, probably the best way to treat
amblyopia is to cover:
a. both eyes for a few months early in life.
b. the strong eye for a period of time early in life.
c. the lazy eye for a period of time early in life.
d. the strong eye for a period of time during adulthood.
Most of the postganglionic synapses of the sympathetic nervous system use:
a. GABA.
b. norepinephrine.
c. acetylcholine.
d. serotonin.
When the neuron is at rest, what is responsible for moving potassium ions into the cell?
a. concentration gradient
b. an electrical gradient
c. the sodium-potassium pump
d. both the sodium-potassium pump and electrical gradient
What do the corpus callosum and anterior commissure have in common?
a. They both produce CSF.
b. They both connect the two hemispheres.
c. They are made up of gray matter.
d. They each have six laminae.
What does it mean to say that acetylcholine exerts ionotropic effects?
a. It opens gates for a particular ion.
b. It alters the permeability of the presynaptic neuron.
c. It increases the concentration of ions within the vesicles.
d. It changes the electrical charge of sodium ions from positive to negative.
Why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye?
a. Receptors in the periphery are closer to the pupil.
b. The fovea is closer to the retina’s blind spot than peripheral receptors are.
c. More receptors in the periphery than in the fovea funnel input to each ganglion cell.
d. Ganglion cells in the periphery transmit their information to a larger brain area.
Reduced response to one taste after exposure to another is referred to as:
a. adaptation.
b. cross-adaptation.
c. umami.
d. PTC.
The ____ of a sound is the number of compressions per second.
a. pitch
b. frequency
c. amplitude
d. loudness
The retinohypothalamic path extends directly from the:
a. SCN to the hypothalamus.
b. retina to the SCN.
c. hypothalamus to the SCN.
d. retina to the cortex.
It appears from research with cats that one function of the messages from the pons to
the spinal cord is to prevent us from:
a. dreaming.
b. sleeping too soundly.
c. acting out our dreams.
d. having difficulty falling asleep.
Which hypothesis/theory suggests that the primary motor cortex is suppressed so
arousal during sleep cannot lead to action?
a. Freud’s theory of dreams
b. the repair and restoration theory
c. a clinico-anatomical hypothesis
d. the evolutionary hypothesis
What leads to Korsakoff’s syndrome?
a. thiamine deficiency resulting from alcoholism
b. glucose deficiency resulting from alcoholism
c. viruses that manage to cross the blood-brain barrier
d. glial cells that over-reproduce and increase pressure in the brain
Infants with cataracts need to have surgical repair:
a. as early as possible.
b. before they begin school.
c. if it does not fix itself
d. when they are old enough to recover from surgery.
What, generally, is the relationship between the activity of the sympathetic and the
parasympathetic nervous systems?
a. The sympathetic controls internal organs while the parasympathetic controls
peripheral organs.
b. The sympathetic usually has specific, localized effects, while the parasympathetic has
broad effects.
c. They usually have opposite effects on the same organ.
d. The sympathetic is involved in voluntary behavior, while the parasympathetic is
involved in involuntary behavior.
After damage to the floor of the pons, what happens during a cat’s REM sleep?
a. The eyes move vertically instead of horizontally.
b. Heart rate becomes steadier.
c. Breathing rate decreases.
d. The cat’s muscles are not relaxed.
Proteins that circulate in the blood, specifically attaching to one kind of antigen are:
a. macrophages.
b. B cells.
c. T cells.
d. antibodies.
One type of glia helps synchronize the activity of axons. They are called:
a. oligodendrocytes.
b. astrocytes.
c. radial glia.
d. Schwann cells.
Which type of glia release chemicals that modify the activity of neighboring neurons?
a. astrocytes
b. Schwann cells
c. oligodendrocytes
d. radial glia
The receptors for taste are:
a. true neurons.
b. covered in myelin.
c. modified skin cells.
d. modified blood cells.
In comparison to activating effects, organizing effects of hormones take place:
a. later in life and produce more long-lasting effects.
b. later in life and produce more temporary effects.
c. earlier in life and produce more long-lasting effects.
d. earlier in life and produce more temporary effects.
In vertebrate retinas, receptors send their messages:
a. straight to the brain.
b. immediately to ganglion cells within the retina.
c. to bipolar cells within the retina.
d. to the periphery of the retina first, ganglion cells next, and bipolar cells last.
Which of the following is gray matter?
a. The outer surfaces of the cerebral cortex
b. The inner surface of the cerebral cortex
c. The cerebral ventricles
d. The axons of the brainstem and spinal cord
Why is the speed of conduction through a reflex arc slower than the speed of
conduction of an action potential along an axon?
a. Transmission between neurons at synapses is slower than along axons.
b. The longer an axon, the slower its velocity.
c. Interneurons have thicker axons than other neurons.
d. There are greater amounts of myelin involved in the reflex arc.
An alternative to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is the proposal that
schizophrenia may be due to a deficiency of activity of ____ synapses.
a. serotonin
b. glutamate
c. substance P
d. acetylcholine
Dendrites often contain additional short outgrowths. These are believed to:
a. increase the surface area available for synapses.
b. increase the speed of transmission.
c. eliminate cell waste products.
d. help the cell maintain its shape.
MAOIs block the activity of the enzyme that:
a. synthesizes catecholamines.
b. synthesizes GABA.
c. breaks down catecholamines.
d. breaks down GABA.
A mild pain stimulus is associated with a release of:
a. substance P.
b. substance P and glutamate.
c. glutamate.
d. neuromodulators.
The one additional feature that hypercomplex cells have that complex cells do not is
that:
a. they respond to their receptive field faster.
b. hypercomplex cells have a strong inhibitory area at one end of its receptive field.
c. they have receptive fields that are triangular.
d. they respond to bars of light in more than one orientation.
A person most likely to shiver when the:
a. skin is cold, but the preoptic area is at normal temperature.
b. temperature difference between the skin and the preoptic area is large.
c. skin and the preoptic area are both hot.
d. skin and the preoptic area are both cold.
Research appears to indicate that schizophrenia is most likely:
a. a single-gene disorder like Huntington’s disease.
b. controlled only by environmental experiences.
c. not genetic.
d. influenced in some way by several genes.
In sham-feeding, animals are:
a. allowed to chew but not swallow.
b. allowed to chew and swallow, but the food never enters the stomach.
c. only allowed to eat a mixture devoid of nutrients.
d. only allowed to eat an artificial substance.
You see the effects of lateralization more readily than normal after damage to:
a. the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
b. the corpus callosum.
c. one or the other eye.
d. the pineal gland.
What is the production of new neurons called?
a. differentiation
b. migration
c. myelination
d. proliferation
An early and fast stage of neuronal development is myelination.
The dispute between abolitionists and animal researchers is a dispute between two
ethical positions.
Wernicke’s aphasia is primarily a problem of speech production.
Orexin is not necessary for waking up, but it is for staying awake.
At synapses, the cell that receives the message is called the presynaptic neuron.
Increasing the electrical gradient for potassium would reduce the tendency for
potassium ions to exit the neuron.
Testosterone levels continue to increase throughout a human male’s lifetime.
Describe the aspects of the resting potential.
Answer:
Answers will vary.
Ren Descartes believed that the brain’s representation of a stimulus resembled the
stimulus.
Several genes have been found to increase the risk of depression.
Lashley was able to determine that the frontal lobe cortex is more important for
memories than the parietal lobe cortex.
According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, we experience physiological changes
first and then label these changes as an emotion.
Graded potentials can be depolarizations or hyperpolarizations.
What would happen to the resting potential if a neuron’s membrane was always
completely permeable to charged ions?
Neurons receive information and transmit it to other cells.
Most depressed people have decreased activity in the left and increased activity in the
right prefrontal cortex.
Antidepressant drugs have effects at the synapse within hours, but may take weeks to
change behavior.