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Consequences that weaken behavior are called:
a) secondary consequences.
b) negative reinforcers.
c) anticipatory consequences.
d) punishers.
According to behavioral learning theory, a person's motivation to engage in a particular
activity is a function of:
a) the perceived difficulty of the activity.
b) the type of attributions the person has made in response to past failures.
c) an individual's self-esteem needs.
d) the degree to which the activity was reinforced in the past.
A fourth-grade student earns a grade-equivalent score of 6.1 in reading comprehension.
One can conclude that the student:
a) is in need of special services.
b) should be moved to the sixth grade.
c) is performing about two years above grade level.
d) has a percentile rank of 61.
Tier 1 of the three-tier model for intervention is prevention that has been defined as:
a) whole-class strategies designed to help all children succeed.
b) targeted assistance to a student.
c) long-lasting intervention to keep a student on track.
d) 1 time intervention as prevention
An example of proactive facilitation would be:
a) learning piano first, which may help a student later learn conducting.
b) learning the wrong spelling of a name first, which later creates difficulty in learning
the correct spelling.
c) learning Spanish first, which may help an English-speaking student learn Italian (a
language similar to Spanish).
d) learning Spanish, which may help an English-speaking student better understand
English.
A teacher wants to use evaluations to increase student effort. Which of the following
strategies would be desirable?
a) Keep students guessing about what they have to do to get a good grade.
b) Reduce the difficulty of the test so that 90 percent of the students reach mastery
quickly.
c) Evaluations should be given frequently, with clear criteria.
d) Employ different grading standards for different students, based on ability levels.
According to our text, pedagogy is the link between which of the following?
a) What the teacher desires students to learn and students' actual learning
b) What the teacher knows and is able to communicate to the students
c) What students desire to learn and what the teacher has knowledge of
d) What the teacher says and demonstrates thoughtfully to students.
Identify the highest level of Bloom's taxonomy represented by each of the following
objectives.
a) Students will critique a piece of artwork.
b) Using a map of the United States, students will label all state capitals.
c) Given a calculator, students will compute the area of rectangles.
For objective "a," above, name any additional levels of Bloom's taxonomy that the task
incorporates. In other words, although the task is classified at a certain level, a student
who performs the task may, in the process, meet some lower-level objectives. An
informal task analysis will lead you to aspects of the task that address lower-level
objectives. Using objective "a," illustrate how one lower-level objective is met by this
task (which is focused on a higher level).
Schemata are believed to be organized hierarchically with:
a) general categories grouped under specific information.
b) recent events grouped under earlier events.
c) earlier events grouped under more recent events.
d) specific information grouped under general categories.
Which of the following is true regarding a grade-equivalent score?
a) It compares a particular student's score to the average scores of norming groups at
different grade levels.
b) It tells a teacher how many students scored above and below the mean score.
c) It tells a teacher the grade at which a particular student belongs.
d) It compares a particular student's score to the stanine scores of other students.
Aidan believes that his success on the final was out of pure luck because he did not put
forth any effort into studying. Aidan's locus of control is:
a) internal.
b) intrinsic.
c) external.
d) extrinsic.
Teaching techniques that facilitate success of students from different ethnic and social
groups has been defined as
a) prejudice reduction.
b) equity pedagogy.
c) knowledge construction.
d) content integration.
Our text suggests an emphasis on three types of activities for enrichment programs. One
is exploratory activities, the second is individual and small group investigations of real
problems, and the third type of activity is:
a) individualized seatwork assignments.
b) teacher-focused activities.
c) group training activities.
d) programmed instruction.
Which of the following practices illustrates norm-referenced evaluations?
a) The five highest-scoring students receive A's, the next five receive B's, and so on.
b) Students are given the average of their five tests as a final grade.
c) Different letter grades are awarded on the basis of students reaching specific cutoff
scores.
d) Students' lowest test grade is omitted and the other grades are averaged to obtain a
final grade.
Expectancy theory supports the idea that grading systems should be:
a) fairly easy so that most students earn the highest grade.
b) challenging, but not extremely difficult.
c) bimodal, such that half the students receive low grades and half receive high grades.
d) extremely difficult so that only a small percentage earns the highest grade.
Mrs. Mandava asks the school psychologist to observe the behavior of her second-hour
class and then design a special program for them. The psychologist returns to observe
the students' behavior under the new program and finally to observe their behavior after
she discontinues the new program. This type of study is a/an:
a) Single-case experiment
b) Longitudinal experiment
c) Ethnographic study
d) Correlational study
Compared to those with performance goals, students with learning goals:
a) demonstrate inconsistent effort.
b) persist in the face of obstacles.
c) perceive themselves as more intelligent.
d) continue to seek peer approval for performance.
During the incubation period of problem solving teachers must avoid:
a) interacting with students.
b) allowing students to work together.
c) putting time pressures on students.
d) providing information that could foster in-depth thinking.
Recent research on classroom rewards, using older students and school-like tasks:
a) provides unequivocal support for the idea of offering extrinsic rewards on most
school tasks.
b) suggests that extrinsic rewards do not necessarily decrease intrinsic motivation.
c) clearly supports the earlier finding that material rewards decrease intrinsic
motivation.
d) suggests that by the time students reach high school, extrinsic rewards are no longer
influential.
Adriana seems anxious and depressed and stays home with a stomachache when her
class does group projects. Adriana may be diagnosed as having an emotional disorder
if:
a) these symptoms have grown steadily worse over the past year.
b) she is found to have an IQ lower than 100.
c) she also has poor motor coordination and difficulty solving problems.
d) these symptoms are new and are accompanied by mispronunciations of certain
words.
Solitary play is often carried out:
a) by modeling peers' behavior.
b) as children begin to engage in more complex pretend-play.
c) with toys.
d) by those children who have the most secure relationships with their parents.
A main goal in writing multiple-choice test questions is to:
a) make the distractors appear as reasonable as the correct answer to students who do
not know the material.
b) make the distractors tricky enough to fool about half of the students in a class.
c) include at least one distractor that a knowledgeable student is likely to regard as
correct.
d) make the average difficulty index .60 (60 percent).
Why is individual accountability such an essential component of cooperative learning?
a) One student might do the work of others
b) Students might argue over group roles
c) The classroom may become chaotic and out of order
d) The teacher will be free of the need to provide feedback
The formal operational stage emerges:
a) Sometime around the eighteenth birthday
b) Unexpectedly, like a dropped weight
c) Earlier in boys than in girls
d) Sometime around the onset of puberty
Outside of school, how are we most likely to learn concepts?
a) From tutors
b) Through television and magazines
c) By observing how others name things.
d) Through family members' help in interpreting formal (dictionary-like) definitions.
Which of the following is true regarding evaluation as feedback?
a) It should not be critical of a student's work.
b) It should be as specific as possible.
c) It should consist of a letter grade.
d) It should encourage the student to make external attributions.
Which of the following descriptions is most characteristic of norm-referenced tests?
a) Scores are compared to a representative group of prior test takers.
b) They have a high difficulty level.
c) Students are not expected to finish the entire test.
d) The content assessed is curriculum-specific.
Which of the following cognitive characteristics explains the difficulty preoperational
children have with the beaker of water problem (conservation of volume)?
a) Object permanence
b) Egocentrism
c) Centration
d) Hypothetical thought
One key to the teaching of problem solving is providing problems that:
a) require students to learn from lecture and discussion.
b) intrigue and engage students.
c) instruct students about moral dilemmas.
d) feel challenging.
What is the term used by cognitive psychologists to refer to the process of thinking
about material to be learned in a way that connects the material to information or ideas
already in the learner's mind?
a) Elaboration
b) Free recall
c) Metacognition
d) Compacting
Ms. Fannin is using a reciprocal teaching approach in reading. She assigns and passage
for them to read. What is the next step?
a) Predict what will happen.
b) Complete a pretest.
c) Develop a list of goals.
d) Generate questions.
Ice skating was a new experience for Leonard. He found that he had trouble keeping up
with his friends, who had skated many times. After his first evening on the ice a friend
invited him to go skating again. Leonard flatly refused, insisting that "It's not for meI
stink at skating." Which of the following best describes the attribution Leonard is
making to explain his failure at skating?
a) Internal, unstable
b) External, stable
c) Internal, stable
d) External, unstable
Graphs, charts, and tables can lose their effectiveness for organization if they:
a) contain too much information.
b) are not color coded.
c) include too many examples.
d) provided by the textbook
Which of the following is one of Gronlund's principles regarding the preparation of
achievement tests?
a) Achievement tests should define clearly measured values.
b) Achievement tests should include corresponding desired outcomes of learning.
c) Achievement tests should be broad enough to fit many uses.
d) Achievement tests should be as reliable as possible and interpreted with caution.
A student has done well on a test. Which of the following feedback statements from the
teacher would be best, based on the discussion in your text?
a) "You did so wellyou really lucked out."
b) "Your definitions were very clear."
c) "Good work, you are still one of the best students."
d) "You're so smart!"
