1) which defense mechanism is most typically at play in the anal stage?
a.displacement
b.substitution
c.denial
d.reaction-formation
2) one of the criticisms of erikson, advanced by robert white, is that erikson
a. overlooked the need for anthropological fieldwork
b. didnt fully recognize maturational forces
c. didnt fully recognize the importance of a historical perspective
d. didnt capture all ego development in his concepts of modes
3) the textbook suggest that the first major force to weaken preformationism was
a.changes in artistic perspective
b.changes in the occupational world
c.the writings of locke and the enlightenment
d.changes in christian theology
4) according to darwin
a.wallace was wrong and lamarck was right
b.evolution hinges on differential reproduction
c.newly learned skills are passed on to the next generation
d.evolution usually occurs in quick spurts
5) shaping
a. is associated with the work of skinner
b. is also known as the method of approximations
c. can teach skills little by little
d. all of the above
6) in operant conditioning
a.the initial stimuli are always known
b.the organism is often strapped to ensure reliable behavior
c.a key measure of conditioning is the rate of response
d.delayed reinforcement is highly effective
7) studies that interview the same subjects every so often are called
a.longitudinal
b.cross-sectional
c.replicative
d.sequential
8) in schachtels view, the child from 1 to 5 years approaches the world
a. through conventional categories
b. largely through taste and touch
c. through the autocentric senses
d. with openness
9) in gesells view, the environment
a.supports inner growth but does not pattern it
b.alters the sequences and patterns of behavior
c.is only important for personality development
d.plays no significant role in development
10) a teacher tells his students they should be nice to others because they might one day
want others to return favors to therm. the teacher is probably reasoning at kohlbergs
a.stage 2
b.stage 3
c.stage 4
d.stage 5
11) luria found that when young children try to give themselves verbal commands
a.they can immediately regulate their behavior
b.they respond to the meaning of their words rather than their words
signaling function
c.they respond primarily to familiar words
d.they behave as if all commands initiate behavior
12) werner said discontinuity refers to
a.only qualitative change
b.both qualitative and quantitative changes that are sudden or abrupt
c.only qualitative changes that are sudden or abrupt
d.both quantitative and quantitative changes, regardless of their
abruptness
13) bandura says that observation often affects
a.acquisition rather than performances of new responses
b.motor reproduction process
c.operant conditioning of behavior in experimental settings
d.all of the above
14) gesell suggested that individual differences in growth rates are associated with
differences in
a.introversion and extraversion
b.self-control
c.professional success
d.temperament
15) montessori thought teachers should
a.use only rewards, never punishments
b.use both rewards and punishments
c.use neither rewards nor punishments
d.use verbal punishments, but never physical punishments
16) montessori materials with control of error
a.enable children to detect their own errors
b.keep errors to a minimum
c.stimulate thinking by presenting carefully controlled errors
d.guide children toward mastery in gradual steps
17) vygotsky argued that self-directed speech
a.begins developing after social speech
b.starts out spoken and gradually becomes internalized
c.becoming increasingly abbreviated during the ages 6 to 8 years
d.all of the above
18) the text criticizes bettelheim for
a. lack of clarity on the concept of autonomy
b. encouraging too much unsocial behavior
c. not providing statistical reports beyond his impressions
d. failing to recognize the importance of behavioral approaches