1) vygotsky believed that culture and society
a. are the causes of human misery
b. contribute powerfully to peoples thinking
c. are useless
d. are utopian dreams
2) a study by bell and ainsworth suggests that when parents consistently respond to
young infants cries, the infants at one year of age are
a.quite spoiled
b.relatively independent
c.vigorous criers
d.insecurely attached
3) vygtrosky was
a. committed to marxism
b. opposed to marxism
c. opposed to engels
d. opposed to marxs dialectical theory
4) bandura disagrees with piaget over the extent to which children
a.learn from moderately novel events
b.learn through intrinsic motivation
c.go through general stages
d.all of the above
5) the text considers research on televised aggression as
a.weak
b.fairly weak
c.fairly conclusive
d.supporting some theorists but not others
6) constraints on learning refer to the finding that
a.organisms are constrained by stimuli and reinforcement
b.organisms are constrained by reflexive responses
c.in classical conditioning, animals are less free than in operant
conditioning
d.organisms learn some things more readily than others
7) schachtel proposed that infantile amnesia primarily occurs
a. because we cannot classify preverbal experiences
b. because we repress sexual and aggressive memories
c. because we repress sexual but not necessarily aggressive fantasies
d. because of differences between long-term and short-term memory
8) montessori believed that childrens language learning
a.is a matter of cultural teaching
b.is governed by an innate mechanism
c.is primarily a matter of imitating adults and older peers
d.is gradual and continuous
9) the text most strongly criticizes vgotskys educational approach for
a. ignoring piaget
b. lack of clarity
c. overemphasizing social learning
d. fostering dependence
10) erikson seems to regard identity foreclosure as
a. a necessary stage for all of us to go through
b. tied to postconventional thought
c. impoverishing the personality
d. all of the above
11) eriksons stages, compared to freuds,
a. unfold in an invariant sequence
b. are more general
c. are more closely tied to libidinal zones
d. are less hierarchically organized
12) banduras observational learning theory differs from skinners operant theory
a.on the need for experimental research
b.on the value of general stages
c.on the need to directly act to learn
d.on the existence of direct rewards and punishments
13) locke believed the best rewards and punishments are
a.immediately administered
b.gradually administered
c.physical
d.praise and disapproval
14) most urban middle class adults in the united states reason at kohlbergs
a.stage 2
b.stage 3
c.stage 4
d.stage 5
15) according to jung, which development is not characteristic of the second half of
life?
a. a turning inward
b. a shift in gender role attitudes
c. a greater emphasis on social success
d. new attention to the neglected parts of the personality
16) a pediatrician expects the infant to demonstrate the pincer grasp at
a.birth
b.six months
c.ten months
d.twelve months
17) the text says werner is valuable today
a.because he formulated the concept of formal operations
b.because he pointed to the flaws in rousseaus character
c.his concepts shed light on our primordial connections to nature
d.his three levels of development are the focus on enormous research
18) werner said creative thinking
a.involves microgenetic mobility
b.utilizes primitive as well as advanced modes of thinking
c.begins with undifferentiated impressions and images
d.all of the above
19) according to kohlberg, martin luther king, immanuel kant, and john rawls thought
about moral issues at
a.stage 3
b.stage 4
c.stage 5
d.stage 6
20) a basic principle of operant conditioning is that
a.the cs is the most powerful variable
b.irradiation occurs
c.behavior is governed by its consequences
d.all of the above
21) in both freudian theory (including freud and erikson) and piagetian theory, the
8-year-old child is generally more stable, logical, and realistic than the 5- or 6-year old.
how does each theoryfreudian and piagetianaccount for this change?
22) summarize three of mahlers phases of development. put them in sequence and give
an example of each phase you describe.
23) egocentrism is a characteristic of
a .preopertional thought
b. concrete operations
c. stage 4 of sensorimotor development
d. formal operations
24) what does the text consider to be the major difference between skinner and piaget?
25) todays standards movement implores all of us to do a better job of preparing
children for the future. what does crain, the textbook author, say about this goal?