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Which schedule allows for a constant number of behaviors required for reinforcement?
a) Fixed ratio
b) Variable ratio
c) Fixed interval
d) Variable interval
Which of the following educational services is most restrictive?
a) Self-contained special education
b) Itinerant services
c) Resource room placement
d) Consultation
According to researchers, one of the most important criticisms of traditional
standardized testing is that it:
a) can focus teachers on a narrow range of skills that happen to be on a test.
b) uses items that lack reliability.
c) relies on the judgments of many different scorers, who may produce a wide range of
ratings for work of the same quality.
d) gives students too much input into which content is assessed.
Mr. Reid has been trying to improve Mark's participation in class. He has been
rewarding Mark with praise, but Mark's behavior has not improved. Mr. Reid needs to
consider that:
a) praise will be effective only after any other reinforcers are removed from the
situation.
b) the consensus from research is that praise is not effective as a reward.
c) praise is not a primary reinforcer.
d) praise may not be a reinforcer for Mark in this situation.
Ms. Hurteau wants to help her students learn and retain information. Which of the
following strategies to promote learning and retention of information is best supported
by research?
a) Using embedded video lessons
b) Giving lengthy homework assignments
c) Introducing spoken word documentaries
d) Asking students to repeat facts verbally
Students can learn to mentally give themselves a pat on the back when they finish a task
or stop at regular intervals to assess what they have done. What is this called?
a) self-regulated learning
b) integrated learning
c) egocentrism
d) external attribution
Reflectivity, a hallmark of identity development, refers to:
a) the Mirror Self.
b) a state of prematurely established identity on the basis of the parents' choices.
c) the tendency to analyze oneself and one's own thoughts.
d) experimentation with occupational and ideological choices without definite
commitment.
A secondary reinforcer takes on value:
a) by directly satisfying basic human needs.
b) when a primary reinforcer loses its value.
c) when it is associated with primary reinforcers.
d) when reinforcement is withheld.
Eighty-three percent of the students in a class can name five countries in South
America. Such a statement is probably based on the results of:
a) a diagnostic test.
b) a criterion-referenced achievement test.
c) an aptitude test.
d) a norm-referenced achievement test.
Julie scores 115 on an IQ test. IQ scores are normed so there is a mean of 100 and a
standard deviation of 15. It can be concluded that, on this particular test, the Julie's
score is
a) 15 points higher than the top scoring student.
b) has a stanine score greater than 7.
c) has a raw score higher than 85.
d) one standard deviation about the norm.
Which of the following statements about matching items is correct?
a) It is inappropriate to allow the alternatives in List B to be used for more than one
item in list A.
b) Matching items can be used to cover a large number of concepts.
c) Directions on how to respond can be eliminated or made very short.
d) Possibilities for guessing are virtually eliminated.
A reinforcer that allows a student to escape from an unpleasant
situation is called a(n):
a) secondary reinforcer.
b) unconditioned reinforcer.
c) primary reinforcer.
d) negative reinforcer.
Mr. Grimshaw uses frequent questioning of students, calling on those who raise their
hands to respond. Your textbook author would evaluate this procedure as:
a) limited, because students who do not volunteer will escape having to respond.
b) effective, because it avoids having to call on people and possibly embarrassing them.
c) effective, because volunteers usually give correct responses.
d) effective, because it treats all students equally across a wide range of ability.
Using humor in an introduction to a lesson is generally:
a) negative, because it compromises the authority of the teacher.
b) positive, because it adds lesson clarity.
c) negative, because it gets students off task.
d) positive, because it can establish a positive learning set.
Piaget described cognitive development as a sequence of stages. Which of the following
represents his stages in developmental order?
a) Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
b) Preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational , formal operational
c) Concrete operational, sensorimotor, preoperational , formal operational
d) Sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational
A teacher praises a student for good work, but frowns and looks displeased at the same
time. By these actions, the teacher is failing to make the praise seem:
a) contingent.
b) specific.
c) credible.
d) interesting.
Which of the following statements about direct instruction is correct?
a) Direct instruction requires students to provide accurate learning models to peers.
b) Cooperative learning and discovery are two types of direct instruction.
c) Direct instruction is a teaching approach in which lessons are directed by students.
d) In a direct instruction lesson, teachers transmit information directly to students.
Which of the following is most likely to help a concrete operational child solve
conceptual problems?
a) The problems are explained more than once
b) The problems involve objects and situations that are familiar to the child
c) The child is older than the typical concrete operational learner
d) The child is instructed on problem solving methods
In order for untracking to be successful, the mixed ability group should be:
a) composed of different aged children with similar abilities.
b) expected to achieve at different levels and graded accordingly.
c) held to high standards and provided many ways to reach those standards.
d) provided text and materials equivalent to their level.
Which of the following statements about attention is accurate?
a) One way to gain attention is to reduce emotional content of subject matter.
b) Attention is the tendency to organize stored memories.
c) Attention is a limited resource.
d) Attention is the mental repetition of information.
Erikson hypothesized that individuals pass through several psychosocial stages of
development. How many stages are in Erikson's psychosocial development theory?
a) Eight stages
b) Four stages
c) Ten stages in an overlapping hierarchical pyramid
d) Six stages with a crisis to be resolved at each
In lower elementary, peer groups are comprised mainly of:
a) different sex children of different ages.
b) different sec children of the same age.
c) same sex children of different ages.
d) same sex children of the same age.
When a student has completed his/her consequence for misbehavior, he/she must be:
a) reminded about past behavior and told that trust must be earned again.
b) fully accepted as a member of the class again.
c) gradually given back some classroom privileges until trust has been regained.
d) trained to monitor classroom misbehavior of others.
A set of principles that relates social environment to psychological development is:
a) psychosocial theory.
b) certification pointer.
c) prosocial behavior.
d) psychosocial crisis.
According to attribution theory, people are most likely to attribute:
a) both successes and failures to their own abilities.
b) successes to luck and failures to their own inadequacies.
c) successes to their own abilities and failures to (bad) luck.
d) both successes and failures to luck.
Combining scores for grading (such as grades given for homework assignments) causes
the important issue of:
a) how to treat extra credit work.
b) how to treat overachievers.
c) how to treat missing work.
d) how to treat work obviously done by a parent.
The belief behind which of the following discipline strategies is that
students want to be part of the social setting?
a) Premack Principle
b) points for attendance
c) time out
d) fixed ratio reinforcement
The third-grade teacher has told a group of students to go to the cabinet and take a box
of crayons that they may use during the year. A student who is the last one in line is
faced with the moral dilemma of whether to take several boxes, since no one is
watching. The student makes the decision that it would not be proper because the rule
did not allow for anyone to take more than one box. This behavior reflects which level
of moral reasoning?
a) nonconventional
b) conventional
c) postconventional
d) preconventional
Which of the following is the least restrictive environment?
a) Special-education class placement with part-time inclusion
b) Special day school
c) Self-contained special-education classroom
d) Resource room placement
Mr. Nicely often begins his lectures by presenting students with two ideas or
observations that apparently conflict. He feels this method of presenting a paradox
arouses students' interest. From Piaget's point of view, the teacher is making use of his
students' natural response to:
a) Egocentrism
b) Anticipatory set
c) Transitivity
d) Disequilibrium
The ability to find a partner in friendship, sex, and cooperation demonstrates which of
Erikson's conflicts?
a) Intimacy versus isolation
b) Generativity versus self-absorption
c) Integrity versus despair
d) Initiative versus guilt
What is the term for the process in which students identify main ideas and then diagram
connections between them?
a) Summarization
b) PQ4R method
c) Mapping
d) Note taking
Which of the following terms refers to a statement of the skills or concepts that students
are expected to have mastered by the end of some period of instruction?
a) Taxonomy
b) Instructional objective
c) Assessment
d) Course prerequisite
