A similarity between a young child and a split-brain patient is that both:
a. show frequent spontaneous changes in personality.
b. have trouble describing what they see through the left eye.
c. have a greater than normal number of back-and-forth eye movements.
d. have trouble comparing what they feel with the two hands at one time.
Which is NOT true about the incidence of schizophrenia?
a. It is commonly estimated to occur in 10-15% of the population.
b. It is reported more often in the United States than in Third World countries.
c. It is slightly more severe in men than women.
d. It is slightly more common in men than women.
Initially, researchers determined how many types of receptors we have for determining
color:
a. through psychophysical observations.
b. through the use of biochemical methods.
c. through genetic markers.
d. by developing a trichromatic spectrometer.
Following a stroke, amphetamine could help by:
a. inducing apoptosis.
b. blocking activity in overstimulated areas of the brain.
c. blocking glutamate release.
d. increasing activity in understimulated areas of the brain.
Tricyclic drugs and MAOIs both:
a. block potassium channels in the membrane.
b. decrease the rate of synthesis of catecholamines.
c. effectively increase the amount of catecholamines in the synapse.
d. directly stimulate catecholamine and serotonin receptors.
There is compelling evidence for the role of the hippocampus in ____ memory.
a. short term
b. implicit
c. spatial
d. auditory
One might find cells that respond best to the movement of an object relative to its
background in the:
a. medial superior temporal cortex.
b. striate cortex.
c. retina.
d. lateral geniculate.
The law of specific nerve energies states that:
a. perception of a repeated stimulus fades.
b. every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light.
c. the speed of action potentials varies depending on the strength of the stimulus.
d. any stimulation above the threshold produces an action potential.
What experience is similar to losing proprioception?
a. Losing your sense of equilibrium
b. Walking on a leg that has “fallen asleep”
c. Having a phantom limb
d. Teeth chattering in the cold
High concentrations of all neurotransmitters, except for NO, are stored in the:
a. presynaptic terminals.
b. postsynaptic terminals.
c. axon.
d. cell body.
Which type of explanation describes how a structure or behavior develops?
a. Physiological
b. Ontogenetic
c. Evolutionary
d. Functional
The planum temporale is located in the:
a. frontal lobe.
b. parietal lobe.
c. temporal lobe.
d. occipital lobe.
Night terrors are most common in ____ during ____.
a. adults; NREM sleep
b. adults; REM sleep
c. children; NREM sleep
d. children; REM sleep
What can cause a permanent blurring of vision for either horizontal or vertical lines?
a. pressure on the optic chiasm
b. weak muscles controlling the lens of the eyes
c. asymmetric curvature of the eyes
d. damage to the corpus callosum
After damage to the connections to the left hippocampus from the left entorhinal cortex,
sprouts develop from the:
a. left occipital cortex.
b. right entorhinal cortex.
c. left hippocampus.
d. right hippocampus.
If the ipsilateral dorsal and ventral roots were cut, which of the following would be
true?
a. Sensation would be lost on one side, and motor control on the other.
b. Sensation would be lost on both sides.
c. Motor control would be lost on both sides.
d. Sensation and motor control would be lost on one side.
Most homosexual men, as compared to heterosexual men, have:
a. lower levels of testosterone.
b. testosterone levels within the same range.
c. higher levels of testosterone.
d. higher levels of estrogen.
Altruistic behavior is:
a. the idea that individuals help those who will return the favor.
b. the selection for a gene that benefits an individual’s relatives.
c. an action that benefits the actor only.
d. an action that benefits someone other than the actor.
In anatomy, the opposite of medial is:
a. lateral.
b. dorsal.
c. ventral.
d. rostral.
The presence of an all-or-none law suggests that neurons can only convey different
messages by changing their:
a. rate or pattern of action potentials.
b. size of action potentials.
c. speed of action potentials.
d. sodium-potassium pump activity.
What would cause a genetic female mammal to develop an anatomical appearance
resembling a male’s?
a. a lack of estradiol
b. moderate levels of estradiol during an early stage of development
c. a high level of testosterone during an early stage of development
d. a high level of testosterone during the late part of puberty
The catecholamines include:
a. epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.
b. epinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine.
c. dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine.
d. epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
Which of the following techniques is dependent upon the release of oxygen from
hemoglobin molecules?
a. PET
b. rCBF
c. MRI
d. fMRI
Which of the following contributed most to Cajal’s ability to find that neurons are
separate from one another?
a. Charles Sherrington’s study of reflexes
b. Camillo Golgi’s cell staining method
c. Perves & Hadley’s dye injection method
d. Galileo’s invention of the telescope
One effect of an abnormal form of the protein huntingtin on neurons is to:
a. increase dopamine release.
b. damage the nucleus.
c. block acetylcholine receptors.
d. prevent the release of BDNF.
The ____, an area that shows consistent signs of deficit in schizophrenia, matures
slowly, not reaching full competence until the late teens.
a. medulla
b. occipital cortex
c. thalamus
d. prefrontal cortex
The tympanic membrane connects to three tiny bones that transmit the vibrations to the:
a. cochlea.
b. pinna.
c. oval window.
d. hair cells.
Which of the following is NOT a way in which CaMKII facilitates LTP?
a. Dendrites build more AMPA receptors.
b. Neurons produce more NMDA receptors.
c. Individual AMPA receptors become more active.
d. Neurons decrease dendritic branching.
The interstitial nucleus 3 of the anterior hypothalamus is known to be more than:
a. twice as large in heterosexual women as in men.
b. three times as large in heterosexual women as in men.
c. twice as large in heterosexual men as in women.
d. twice as large in homosexual men as in heterosexual men.
What would you expect if a researcher injected substance P into an animal’s spinal
cord?
a. The animal would be paralyzed.
b. The animal would show indications of pain in the part of the body that sends
information to that section of the spinal cord.
c. The animal would show indications of pain in the part of the spinal cord where the
substance was injected.
d. The animal would show signs of aggression.
The first to publish a detailed description linking a specific part of the brain to a loss of
speech was:
a. Roger Sperry.
b. Jerre Levy.
c. David and Ann Premack.
d. Paul Broca.
Sympathetic is to ____ as parasympathetic is to ____.
a. serotonin; dopamine
b. dopamine; serotonin
c. acetylcholine; norepinephrine
d. norepinephrine; acetylcholine
The flow of ____ ions across the membrane is controlled by the GABA-A complex.
a. sodium
b. potassium
c. calcium
d. chloride
A woman’s hypothalamus and pituitary interact with the ____ to produce the menstrual
cycle.
a. pineal gland
b. ovaries
c. thyroid
d. adrenal glands
Describe the functional and anatomic differences between rods and cones.
Answer:
Answers will vary.
The sensory cortex produces a kind of activity called a readiness potential before any
voluntary movement.
Injections of leptin reduce eating in rats.
Endorphins are only released when painful stimuli are present.
People with damage to either the prefrontal cortex or the amygdala show difficulties
processing emotional information.
Faces excite the fusiform gyrus more than any other visual stimulus.
The motor cortex can become active when imagining movement.
Describe the hemispheric specializations in the intact brain.
Answer:
Answers will vary.
The developing infant brain is highly resistant to damage.
Describe some of the evidence that genetic factors may influence sexual orientation.
Answer:
Answers will vary.
Describe the different causes and mechanisms of hypovolemic thirst.
In people with an uncommon condition called pure autonomic failure, output from the
autonomic nervous system to the body fails, either completely or almost completely.
In a myelinated axon, sodium channels are absent in the nodes of Ranvier.
Briefly describe some of the abnormalities of hemispheric dominance in the brains of
depressed people.
Damage in the left hemisphere often produces significant neglect of the right side.
Describe the difference between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and
give some examples of each.