Reuptake is an alternative to which other process?
a. recycling of neurotransmitters
b. enzymatic breakdown of neurotransmitters
c. absorption of neurotransmitter by the postsynaptic neuron
d. re-release of neurotransmitters from postsynaptic neurons
Which of the following is TRUE about laminae in the cerebral cortex?
a. All cortical areas contain six layers.
b. Odd numbered laminae contain only neurons; even numbered laminae contain only
glia.
c. The laminae vary in thickness in different areas.
d. Each layer corresponds to a different sensory modality.
What causes excitation of the taste receptors that respond to salty tastes?
a. a decrease in the activity of adjacent sweet and bitter receptors
b. sodium ions crossing the membrane of the receptor
c. a hyperpolarization due to the increased concentration of sodium ions outside the cell
d. a blockage of the sodium gates
Erection of the hairs, known in humans as “goose bumps,” is caused by activation of
which branch of the nervous system?
a. Parasympathetic
b. Sympathetic
c. Central
d. Peripheral
Looking at a picture of people showing emotional expressions causes the greatest
activity in the:
a. frontal lobe.
b. hippocampus.
c. fornix.
d. amygdala.
Small-diameter pain axons:
a. carry sharp pain information.
b. carry dull pain information.
c. do not respond to endorphins.
d. are associated with large cell bodies.
Stereoscopic depth perception requires the brain to detect:
a. amblyopia.
b. retinal disparity.
c. strabismus.
d. contrasting imagery.
Pheromones of newborn rats:
a. inhibit maternal behavior.
b. stimulate maternal behaviors directly.
c. stimulate the release of hormones that affect maternal behaviors.
d. stimulate paternal behaviors, but not maternal behaviors.
UNLIKE adults who have had their corpus callosum cut, children born without a corpus
callosum are generally able to:
a. move their hands with better than normal speed and coordination.
b. learn foreign languages more rapidly than intact people can.
c. verbally describe what they feel with the left hand.
d. verbally describe what they feel with the right hand.
The difficulty that people normally have with being able to perform separate tasks with
each hand simultaneously is largely due to:
a. problems with the corpus callosum.
b. difficulty planning two actions at once.
c. inability of the muscles in the left and right hand to work at the same time.
d. epilepsy.
A number of species of birds differ in the size of their hippocampus. The species with
the largest hippocampus performs best on tasks of:
a. spatial memory.
b. color memory.
c. auditory memory.
d. implicit memory.
Studies of nonhuman language abilities call attention to the:
a. ability of many species to learn language.
b. close relationship between language and classical conditioning.
c. difficulty of defining language.
d. close relationship between language and brain size.
The basal ganglia are a related cluster of cell bodies in the central nervous system.
Technically, the basal ganglia should have been name the basal:
a. tract.
b. lamina.
c. gyrus.
d. nuclei.
The medulla controls a number of reflexes through:
a. the midbrain.
b. the forebrain.
c. cranial nerves.
d. skeletal nerves.
Nonfluent aphasia, in which the victim is unable to speak fluently, is due to brain
damage that includes:
a. Broca’s area.
b. the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe.
c. Wernicke’s area.
d. the corpus callosum.
Which of the following would be the most likely effect of taking a drug that blocks
sympathetic nervous system activity?
a. Increased blood pressure
b. Sweating
c. Slowed digestion
d. Decreased heart rate
Which of the following is one of the reasons that Lashley failed at finding the engram?
a. He used poor surgical methods.
b. Not all memories are physiologically the same.
c. The engram is continually changing location in the cortex.
d. Classical conditioning had not been discovered yet.
If the prefrontal cortex is damaged, an individual may:
a. have difficulty remembering where they just put their keys.
b. sleep 18-22 hours per day.
c. have impaired vision.
d. lose memory for faces.
In normal female rats, release of dopamine in the medial preoptic area activity is primed
by:
a. serotonin.
b. testosterone.
c. a combination of testosterone and estrogen.
d. estradiol.
A strong astigmatism during the first year or so of life can produce effects in the human
brain similar to those found in what kinds of experiments on cats?
a. covering one eye during the sensitive period
b. covering both eyes during the sensitive period
c. destroying individual cells by implanting electrodes
d. restricting visual stimulation to one particular orientation
Which of the following best characterizes how axons arrive at the correct target cells?
a. They follow electrical gradients.
b. They follow chemical gradients from the target cell.
c. Axons send out chemicals to the target cells.
d. Target cells send out branches for the axons to follow.
In order for a split-brain patient to name something, he must see it:
a. with the left eye.
b. with the right eye.
c. in the left visual field.
d. in the right visual field.
What structure is composed of the medulla, pons, the midbrain, and certain central
structures of the forebrain?
a. Limbic system
b. Thalamus
c. Brain stem
d. Cerebellum
Recognition of an angry expression is faster when the face is directed ____, and a
fearful expression is faster if it is directed ____.
a. toward you, to the side
b. to the side, toward you
c. toward you, toward you
d. to the side, to the side
Neurons in the prefrontal cortex ____ than neurons in other cortical areas.
a. are larger in size
b. have more dendritic spines
c. have greater velocities of action potentials
d. are more sensitive to light
In movement the, ____ muscle straightens the arm.
a. Flexor
b. Striated
c. Extensor
d. Skeletal
Pert and Snyder’s discovery that opiates bind with certain receptors led to what other
discovery?
a. the functions of inhibitory synapses
b. the endogenous chemicals that bind with those receptors
c. other classes of receptors with which opiates will bind
d. more effective ways of manufacturing the drugs
The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the:
a. substantia nigra.
b. caudate nucleus.
c. thalamus.
d. hypothalamus.
To measure fear or anxiety in both humans and nonhumans, researchers measure
variations in an individual’s:
a. rate of eyelid blinking.
b. attention to a flickering light.
c. salivary reflex.
d. startle reflex.
What brain abnormalities are found in children with fetal alcohol syndrome?
a. short axons with few branches
b. short dendrites with few branches
c. lack of dopamine receptors
d. smaller than normal ventricles
What is one reason why animals with damage in or near the ventromedial hypothalamus
overeat?
a. They have low levels of insulin.
b. Their stomach emptying rate is slow compared to other animals.
c. They have excessively high levels of the hormone CCK.
d. They store too much of each meal as fat.
In the case of blindsight, losing conscious visual perception would most likely be
associated with:
a. massive damage to the optic nerves.
b. increased olfactory perception.
c. enhanced visual dreams.
d. loss of visual imagination.
Mllerian ducts are found in:
a. genetic female fetuses only.
b. genetic male fetuses only.
c. female and male fetuses early in development.
d. female and male fetuses until shortly before birth.
Which two factors determine whether or not there will be a ‘sound shadow”?
a. loudness and ear size
b. head size and frequency
c. frequency and cochlea size
d. suddenness of onset and loudness
A loss of language ability, in general, is referred to as:
a. apraxia.
b. dyslexia.
c. aphasia.
d. anomia.
Activity in the amygdala can change without the person being consciously aware of an
emotional stimulus.
Briefly describe spatial summation.
Answer:
Answers will vary.
A functional explanationdescribes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did.
The dominant zeitgeber for land animals is light.
Stomach distension is necessary to produce satiety.
Movement of the eyes suppresses activity in the visual cortex for a brief moment.
Prolonged high cortisol levels are associated with increased hippocampal damage.
Estrogen production by the ovary causes the male Wolffian system to degenerate in
females.
Increasing the amount of phenylalanine in the diet may interfere with the synthesis of
serotonin.
List the major types of neurotransmitters.
What is sensitization as it relates to memory research?
Describe the difference between declarative and procedural memory.
Not all children who are abused become violently aggressive in adolescence or
adulthood. Of the following, which has been demonstrated to influence violence by
these people?
A genes regulating testosterone receptors
B genes regulating the suprachiasmatic nucleus
C genes regulating secretion of aldosterone
D genes regulating monoamine oxidase
An animal refuses food and loses weight after damage to which part of the
hypothalamus?
A suprachiasmatic nucleus
B ventromedial hypothalamus
C lateral hypothalamus
D paraventricular nucleus.
Briefly describe how the brain transports essential chemicals.
Answer:
Answers will vary.
The stimulus that stops the circadian rhythm is referred to by the German termzeitgeber.
Describe the neuroanatomy of arousal and attention.
Answer:
Answers will vary.