According to our text, to determine the severity of cognitive impairment, educational
professionals should:
a) interview the student’s parents only, and in private.
b) consider other test scores and cultural background.
c) also take into account the student’s age and grade level.
d) never use an IQ test to determine cognitive impairment.
A student uses the term ROY G BIV to remember the colors of the spectrum: red,
orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. What type of memory strategy is this?
a) Initial-letter
b) Loci
c) Rhyming
d) Pegword
Which of the following is the most common use of computers in schools?
a) Skill games
b) Simulations/exploratory software
c) Database use
d) Word processing
During sixth hour, two students whisper to each other about the upcoming dance. The
teacher continues discussing the lesson while walking toward the students. The students
stop whispering and begin taking notes. Which principle of classroom management has
the teacher employed?
a) Ignoring minor problems in the classroom
b) Using the mildest intervention possible
c) Using behavior issues as teaching opportunities
d) Redirecting off task behavior with reminders
Schemata consist of:
a) recall strategies through which episodic memory is accessed.
b) frameworks for organizing ideas in memory.
c) whatever information we are conscious of at a given moment.
d) strategies or game plans for solving problems.
An important thing to know about the transfer of learning is that it:
a) always occurs when the degree of similarity between concepts is low.
b) never occurs when the degree of similarity between concepts is high.
c) can be assumed to have occurred, as long as the teacher has presented the lesson
clearly.
d) cannot be assumed to have occurred.
The opening statement of a multiple-choice item, which may be a question or partial
sentence, is referred to as the:
a) stem.
b) participle.
c) consequence.
d) antecedent.
A visiting curriculum evaluation team criticized a school district for teaching too much
inert knowledge. A disadvantage, they said, is that, according to educational
psychologists, inert knowledge is:
a) at too high a level for students in the various grades.
b) useless due to the students’ inability to apply it outside the classroom.
c) highly difficult for teachers to present.
d) only one point of view, not necessarily the correct one.
Which of the following is one of the most important classroom management principles?
a) Three strikes and you are out.
b) Drastic misbehaviors call for drastic measures.
c) Refer to the administration.
d) Use the simplest intervention that will work.
From Vygotsky’s view point, which would be the best description of developmentally
appropriate activities?
a) Teach to the test so students know what is expected.
b) Focus on skills not yet developed and infuse these into the curriculum
c) Encourage students to reflect on skills gained independently
d) Select tasks that range from those requiring the assistance of others to those they can
accomplish alone.
Justin Callahan is the assistant principal at Central School Elementary in a large urban
school district. During his seven years at the school, he has come to know children from
many different backgrounds and with many different types of problems. He has also
seen many bright and successful students come and go. One fall afternoon, Daisy
Alvarez, a high school guidance counselor from the school located a few block away,
stops by his office. She sits down and tells Justin she has an idea. “Justin, you know
I”ve been working with a group of kids from my school who have completed drug
treatment programs. They are good kids and need some activities that will keep them
off the streets. I would like to have them tutor some of your students. They could walk
over during the day and read to your students or help them with homework. Or, they
could help your teachers to grade papers or run other errands. What do you think of my
ideas?”
From the information presented in the chapter, what advantages might exist for
elementary children who are exposed to adolescents? What disadvantages might exist?
What advantages might exist for adolescents who work with children? What
disadvantages might exist? If you were Justin Callahan would you do it?
Which of Marcia’s identity status levels is associated with the highest degree of anxiety
for adolescents?
a) Identity diffusion status
b) Moratorium status
c) Foreclosure status
d) Identity achievement status
One criticism of programs aimed at enriching the educational experience of students
who are gifted is that:
a) an enriched educational experience will inhibit their ability to get along with their
peers.
b) these students already receive too much attention from their teachers.
c) all students could benefit from an enriched educational experience.
d) students who are gifted do not take advantage of such programs.
Mr. Sains begins a lesson in chemistry by discussing the symbols for each of the
elements. Part way into the lesson the teacher refers to chapters and class work the
students will have in six months. At another point Mr. Sains expresses dissatisfaction
with the administration’s new policy regarding equipment security, which will now
require more paperwork. Mr. Sains then talks about an event that took place during
spring vacation. The class period ends before he finishes the lesson. What appears to be
the overriding problem of Mr. Sain’s lecture style?
a) There is a lack of clarity in the lesson presentation.
b) The lesson includes abstract elements.
c) The teacher should not share personal information with students.
d) The teacher does not vary the topics.
High school males tend to:
a) estimate their skills as being the same as males.
b) overestimate their skills in social studies and English.
c) overestimate their skills in language and math.
d) underestimate their skills in language and math.
A measure of the degree to which instructional objectives have been attained is called:
a) comprehension.
b) task analysis.
c) backward planning.
d) assessment.
What changes in typical current practices are suggested by the direct teaching model
described in your textbook?
a) Increase the amount of independent practice.
b) Increase the frequency of testing.
c) Slow the instructional pace.
d) Decrease the amount of feedback provided to students.
One of the observations made by researchers (Shavelson, et al., 1992) regarding how
well science performance assessments work, is that student scores from the
performance assessments were:
a) more closely related to student aptitude than to what students were actually taught.
b) too low for educators to make a valid interpretation.
c) not found to be reliable based on multiple administrations.
d) consistently related more to what had been taught previously than to aptitude.
Knowledge and skills relating to reading that children usually develop from experience
with books and other print media before the beginning of formal reading instruction in
school is known as:
a) Oral language
b) Emergent literacy
c) Language acquisition
d) Phonics instruction
In the research on teachers as effective managers, it was found that during the first days
of school effective teachers:
a) work with the whole class.
b) divide the class into groups.
c) separate the class into high, average, and low achievers.
d) work with individual students as much as possible.
The aim of research in educational psychology is:
a) To test the theories that guide the actions of those involved in education
b) To assess behaviors that occur in the classroom during instruction
c) To identify learning styles and preferences exhibited by students
d) To test principles of education used in planning learning outcomes
Which of the following illustrates Bandura’s concept of self-regulation?
a) A teacher is in charge of creating and enforcing all class rules.
b) Standard grading criteria are applied to all members of a class.
c) Reinforcement is based on improvement.
d) A student engages in a desired activity after judging previous work
as well done.
In general, people who do well on tests of creative problem solving:
a) resolve issues conceding to the group.
b) are impulsive, quick thinkers.
c) are reluctant to change.
d) do not worry about making mistakes.
Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?
a) Money
b) Food
c) Security
d) Sex
Which of the following statements best ‘ts a behaviorist’s conception
of learning?
a) Learning is a change in an individual caused by experience.
b) Learning is a change in an individual’s knowledge structures.
c) Learning is synonymous with cognition.
d) Learning is synonymous with development.
According to our text, to become an intentional teacher you must first:
a) Finish post-secondary education
b) Become a certified teacher
c) Conduct an action research study
d) Attend graduate school
Which of the following can be inferred from the text author’s description of validity and
reliability?
a) Test results cannot have validity without reliability.
b) Test results can have validity without reliability.
c) Test results can be useful without validity or reliability.
d) Validity and reliability are synonymous terms.
Intentional teachers are constantly thinking about:
a) The outlooks they want for their students and assessments of outlooks
b) The outcomes they want for their students and how each decision moves students
toward those outcomes
c) The input needed to advance student learning and how to measure input effectively
d) The efficacy of student outcomes and related assessments
In determining the sequence of events of the elements of effective instruction, what
does the first step involve?
a) Opportunity to practice the skill.
b) Assessment of the skill.
c) Introduction of the skills needed for the lesson.
d) Providing students with visual aids.
Studies of the Instrumental Enrichment treatment have found that the program has
positive effects on:
a) both achievement and tests of aptitude.
b) tests of emotional intelligence.
c) achievement, but not on tests of aptitude.
d) tests of aptitude, but generally not on achievement.
Dahlia’s toy is covered by a blanket, but the child does not remove the blanket to look
for the toy because he believes the toy is gone. This scenario shows an infant’s inability
to grasp which idea?
a) Object stability
b) Object status
c) Object conservation
d) Object permanence
Elementary students have developed ideas about their strengths and weaknesses. Their
perception of these qualities is referred to as:
a) self-actualization.
b) decentered thought.
c) self-concept.
d) self-absorption.
Educational psychologists have proposed models of effective instruction that help
explain the critical features of high quality. One of these models is called the QAIT
model. Identify the four elements of QAIT:
a) Quick, Alternative, Instruction, Time
b) Quiet, Achievement, Intelligence, Test
c) Quality, Appropriateness, Incentive, Time
d) Quality, Authentic, Instruction, Task
Using Pavlov’s classical conditioning terms, explain how test anxiety
develops. Develop your explanation using an example of an individual
learner. Use that learner’s experiences to illustrate neutral stimulus,
unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned
stimulus,and conditioned response.
Extended thinking: Apply the concept of generalizationto classical
conditioning. Expand on your example by illustrating how the
learner’s test anxiety might generalize beyond the original stimuli.
What is a table of specifications? How is it used in evaluating student achievement?
David and Luke are starting kindergarten. They both have loving and supportive
parents, but their backgrounds are different. David’s social-class background would be
classified as “low SES,” while Luke’s is “high SES.” What do researchers mean by
“SES”? What are its components? Using examples, illustrate how differences in David’s
and Luke’s backgrounds may influence how readily they will adapt to the Middle-Class
school environment.
Manisha makes no trouble in class, but she has an emotional disorder. Describe the
disorder she might have; indicate how her teacher would know that she has the
disorder; and explain how it would be decided that her symptoms reflect a disorder, not
a normal emotional problem.
A middle school teacher arranges his classroom so students sit in straight rows of desks,
one in front of the other. He does this to promote compliant behavior and is pleased that
students are quiet and attentive during lectures. However, students do not ask questions
or discuss ideas. After lectures, the teacher assigns independent seat work. According to
Vygotsky, will this teaching style be effective? Give at least two reasons to support your
answer.
Ms. Frisch is feeling despondent and frustrated as she looks at the chemistry mid-term
exam results. The average score was only 68 percent, less than the C cutoff. Only four
students scored in the 80 percent range, and just two in the 90 percent rangeonly four
B’s and two A’s out of 28 students. “Maybe I made the exam too hard,” she thinks. “I’m
sure the students will be deflated when they see their grades.”
If Ms. Frisch came to you to discuss her problem, what would you tell her?
Using specific examples, illustrate how standardized tests are used for purposes of
diagnosis, and of accountability.
What does your book say about social class relative to income, education, behaviors,
attitudes, cultural factors, school readiness, school achievement, race and ethnicity?
List ways teachers can enhance intrinsic motivation. Illustrate three of your strategies
with specific classroom examples.
Mrs. Espadas’ classes scored as follows on her first unit biology test:
1st period: 73 80 80 80 82 82 85 86 86 87 88 88 88 89 90
mean = 84.3 standard deviation = 4.7
8th period: 56 60 75 75 80 84 87 88 88 92 95 96 96 99 100
mean = 84.7 standard deviation =13.4
Explain why the 8th period scores produce a larger standard deviation. Describe three
characteristics of students or situations that could be underlying causes of these
differences in standard deviations.
Mrs. Espadas is planning lessons for her next unit in biology, which depends heavily on
prerequisite skills from the first unit. What problems might arise if Mrs. Espadas
planned her next unit for these two classes on the basis of their average performance,
but ignored the difference in standard deviations?
Derek, in his first year of teaching, is having difficulties with his German 3 class. The
students are very capable, but don’t seem to buy into Derek’s goals and standards of
behavior. Derek is puzzled because what he remembers from Behavioral Theory is that
responses that are reinforced grow more common, and responses that are not reinforced,
extinguish. He has been ignoring some undesirable behaviors, but they’ve gotten even
worse!
Using behavioral concepts that address how student misbehavior is maintained, develop
some advice for Derek. In particular, explain why misbehavior in Derek’s class is
escalating, and make two specific suggestions that he could implement. Explain why
your suggestions should work. Finally, use your imagination to anticipate what might
go wrong when Derek gives your suggestions a try; briefly describe two difficulties he
might encounter.
Give an example of a teacher’s introduction to students of reciprocal teaching, to help
them attend to what they are reading.
How do cooperative learning approaches fit a constructivist model? More specifically,
identify features of cooperative learning that incorporate a constructivist view of the
learner, and explain how those features reflect constructivism.
What physical, emotional, or cognitive conditions must exist before a student can
receive special education services?
What does the research say about note taking, underlining, and summarizing as
effective or ineffective study strategies?
An integral component of learning is readiness. Name the term for an “attitude of
readiness,” and describe ways that teachers can establish an attitude of readiness in
students. When should this be done?