For natural selection to generate evolutionary change in a population:
a. there need not be any differences in the traits of individuals in that population.
b. the change in gene frequencies must help the species in the long run.
c. the differences must have a hereditary basis.
d. the change in gene frequencies will probably be harmful to the species.
The problems that schizophrenics have with memory and attention are most likely
related to an increased tendency of having brain damage in the:
a. cerebellum.
b. prefrontal cortex.
c. occipital cortex.
d. medulla.
Monkeys with Kluver-Bucy syndrome fail to show normal fears and anxieties after
damage to the:
a. temporal lobe.
b. parietal lobe.
c. occipital lobe.
d. frontal lobe.
The hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy is:
a. testosterone.
b. androgen.
c. progesterone.
d. estradiol.
Damage to which hindbrain structure would be most life-threatening?
a. Occipital cortex
b. Medulla
c. Cerebellum
d. Corpus callosum
On the basis of what evidence were the properties of synapses first inferred?
a. the electron microscope
b. single-neuron recordings
c. behavioral observations
d. PET scans
Aldosterone and angiotensin II together change the properties of ____, neurons in the
nucleus of the tractus solitarius.
a. renin receptors
b. sodium receptors
c. smell receptors
d. taste receptors
People with schizophrenia have lower than normal overall activity in the:
a. hypothalamus.
b. thalamus.
c. left hemisphere.
d. right hemisphere.
What do the drugs valproate and carbamazepine share in common with lithium?
a. They are used to treat schizophrenia.
b. They block the synthesis of arachidonic acid.
c. They inhibit GABA.
d. They are 100% effective in treating bipolar disorder.
On average, those with the short form of the ____ transporter gene and a history of
stressful experiences reported more than average symptoms of depression.
a. acetylcholine
b. dopamine
c. serotonin
d. calcium
In contrast to people with posterior parietal damage, people with damage to certain
parts of the occipital cortex outside the primary visual cortex:
a. can’t locate the source of sounds.
b. lose their ability to see everything.
c. can accurately describe what they see but cannot reach out to grasp it.
d. cannot accurately describe what they see but can reach out to grasp it.
The delayed response task requires responding to something that you saw or heard
____.
a. in the distant past
b. a short while ago
c. right at that time
d. in a meaningful way
An adult male sparrow sings its normal song:
a. if he hears the song during a sensitive period early in his life.
b. only when he hears a female bird singing.
c. if his own species’ song is the first song he hears when young.
d. regardless of whether or not he has ever heard his species’ song from another bird.
What happens to acetylcholine after it attaches to a receptor on the postsynaptic cell?
a. It is broken down into two components.
b. It is reabsorbed intact by the presynaptic cell.
c. The postsynaptic cell metabolizes it as a source of energy.
d. It continues to stimulate the postsynaptic neuron until replaced by another
neurotransmitter.
Which evidence is most detrimental to the James-Lange theory?
a. Patients with pure autonomic failure experience emotions.
b. Sometimes people have trouble reporting what they are feeling.
c. Changes in arousal are reported as changes in emotions.
d. Some people feel stronger emotions than others do.
What is the point from which an axon releases chemicals into the synapse?
a. the myelin sheath
b. the presynaptic terminal
c. a dendritic spine
d. the endoplasmic reticulum
One reason why people with prefrontal cortex damage may act impulsively is that they
have trouble:
a. remembering who they are.
b. making visual discriminations.
c. maintaining normal hormone levels.
d. adjusting their behavior to different contexts.
In the middle of the menstrual cycle, an increased release of estradiol causes a(n):
a. decrease in the release of FSH.
b. decrease in the release of LH.
c. sudden surge in the release of luteinizing hormone.
d. increase in the release of testosterone.
The selectivity of a neuron membrane is analogous to:
a. the blood-brain barrier.
b. the action potential.
c. the resting potential.
d. myelin.
As compared to the general population, twice the usual probability of schizophrenia has
been correlated with:
a. Rh-negative mothers and Rh-positive baby girls.
b. Rh-positive mothers and Rh-negative baby girls.
c. Rh-negative mothers and Rh-positive baby boys.
d. Rh-positive mothers and Rh-negative baby boys.
The inborn mechanism for learning language is called the:
a. language acquisition device.
b. poverty of the stimulus argument.
c. speech synthesizer.
d. grammatical articulation device.
What is the effect of MPTP?
a. It kills the neurons that release dopamine.
b. It suppresses activity of the immune system.
c. It is converted in the brain to dopamine.
d. It inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.
The brain has ____ control of the facial muscles.
a. ipsilateral
b. contralateral
c. bilateral
d. no
The patient H.M. suffered severe memory disorders following a surgical operation that
removed the:
a. corpus callosum.
b. hippocampus.
c. lateral interpositus nucleus and hypothalamus.
d. prefrontal cortex and dorsomedial thalamus.
Aside from the problems with failing to breathe at times during the night, people with
sleep apnea are also found to have:
a. enlarged hearts.
b. overactive bladders.
c. desynchronized temperature rhythms.
d. fewer neurons in certain brain areas.
Confusing a made-up answer as a memory of an actual experience is referred to as:
a. procedural memory.
b. declarative memory.
c. configuration.
d. confabulation.
What is one reason why animals with a lesion in the lateral hypothalamus eat so little?
a. They are constantly active and over-responsive to sensory stimuli.
b. All the food they eat is immediately converted into fat storage.
c. They experience a decreased cortical response to the smell and sight of food.
d. They have low levels of blood sugar.
What consists of the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum?
a. Hindbrain
b. Reticular formation
c. Midbrain
d. Forebrain
What are two requirements for the brain to metabolize glucose?
a. thiamine and oxygen
b. vitamin C and nitrogen
c. niacin and bicarbonate
d. riboflavin and iron
Damage to the dorsal stream may interfere with:
a. describing what is seen.
b. perceiving the movement of an object.
c. remembering something seen at a previous time.
d. reaching out to grasp an object.
Which type of leukocyte attaches to an intruder and produces a specific antibody to
attack the intruder’s antigen?
a. Macrophage
b. B cell
c. T cell
d. A cell
The gene for Huntington’s disease is recessive.
Androgen insensitivity syndrome leads to a genetic male with a female external
appearance of the genitals.
Discuss the four biological explanations of behavior.
Answer:
Answers will vary.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) occurs because the adrenal gland releases:
A too much cortisol
B too little cortisol
C too little estrogen
D too much insulin
In strokes caused by ischemia or hemorrhage, neurons die from overstimulation.
Activating effects can occur at any time in life when a hormone temporarily activates a
particular response.
To determine the contributions of heredity and environment, researchers rely mainly on
studies of monozygotic and dizygotic twins.
Briefly describe how MAOIs function.
Recognition of happy or sad faces will occur most rapidly if presented to the right
hemisphere.
Axons are usually formed before the dendrites.
Describe the relationship between heredity and environment.
Answer:
Answers will vary.
All neurons within a particular column of the visual cortex will likely respond to the
same orientation of a stimulus.
Electrical communication between neurons is faster than chemical communication
within neurons.
Language studies with bonobos suggest that they can understand more than they can
produce.
Chemical communication between neurons is faster than electrical communication
within neurons.
Briefly describe autoreceptors.
Hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder are classified as which kind of
symptoms?
A positive symptoms
B neutral symptoms
C negative symptoms
D ambiguous symptoms
Describe the key functions of the major pathways in the visual cortex.
Answer:
Answers will vary.
Postpartum depression usually occurs right after a women finds out she is pregnant.
H.M. was unable to form any kind of new memories after his surgery.