Vera’s old mechanical bathroom scale used to tell her weights that always agreed with
the scale at the doctor’s office. Then one day the dial on her old scale was damaged and
the numbers got scrambled. The scale still operates the same wayit gives her the same
weight from day to day. But the weight it gives her now is 27 pounds. Vera’s scale is
now:
a) reliable, but not valid.
b) valid, but not reliable.
c) both reliable and valid.
d) neither reliable nor valid.
Students exhibiting socialized-aggressive behaviors such as fighting, stealing,
destroying property, and refusal to obey teachers may benefit from:
a) rigorous academic programs.
b) home-based reinforcement.
c) aversive academic strategies.
d) behavior management strategies.
In a study explained in our text, students who expected and then received an award for
drawing with felt-tipped markers:
a) later spent less time drawing with the markers than did students who were not
rewarded.
b) later spent more time drawing with the markers than did students who were not
rewarded.
c) drew pictures that were judged higher in quality than did students who were not
rewarded.
d) drew pictures that were judged lower in quality than did students who were not
rewarded.
How do intentional teachers achieve a sense of efficacy?
a) By continually assessing their instruction results and trying new strategies if initial
instruction doesn”t work
b) By continually employing strategies that have worked to some degree for most
learners
c) By continually assessing their effectiveness and attending professional development
workshops
d) By continually assessing their students and assigning additional work when it is
needed
Applied behavior analysis strategies use rewards in a systematic way and:
a) use punishers for prevention of discipline problems.
b) avoid punishers as much as possible.
c) use punishers for routine classroom misbehavior.
d) use punishers for being off-task.
A teacher planned to take a class to the art museum for the first time. Before the trip,
the teacher shared prints illustrating how the artwork at the museum is grouped into
historical periods. When the actual visit took place, students saw many works of art (for
the first time) and were amazed at how readily they were learning to recognize them.
The orientation process students experienced is referred to as:
a) an analogy.
b) loci method.
c) an advance organizer.
d) outlining.
The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation passed by Congress requires all
“subgroups”
of students in all schools to make:
a) adequate yearly progress.
b) significant quarterly progress.
c) significant yearly progress.
d) adequate weekly progress.
In classroom management, boredom-caused behavior problems need to be addressed
using:
a) a little frustration.
b) extinction.
c) mock participation.
d) prevention.
The first step in multicultural education is for teachers, administrators, and other school
staff to:
a) begin American cultural enrichment programs.
b) learn about the cultures from which their students come.
c) acquaint the white students with multilingual lesson plans.
d) learn to speak Spanish.
Which of the following best describes what portfolios should contain?
a) A set of required items selected by the student without teacher input
b) A set of required items selected by the teacher with minimal student input
c) A thoughtfully selected collection of core and optional items
d) A randomly selected set of items chosen by either the student or the teacher
Ms. Gismegian is presenting a direct instruction lesson on verbs to her students. What is
her first step?
a) Give students learning probes and provide feedback on seatwork where students
underline the verbs.
b) State the learning objectives and orient students to the lesson.
c) Present students with new learning material on action verbs.
d) Give students time for independent practice in listing action verbs.
A particular test has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of five. A student who scores
one standard deviation above the mean will have a score of:
a) 50.
b) 55.
c) 10.
d) 75.
Mrs. Rubeo will be giving a unit test in three weeks. At present she is giving students
daily problem sets to find out which material needs reteaching before the unit test. Mrs.
Rubeo’s use of the problem sets is an example of:
a) evaluation as incentive.
b) task analysis.
c) summative evaluation.
d) formative evaluation.
Research on the effects of gifted programs on achievement has indicated that:
a) acceleration programs are more effective than enrichment programs.
b) acceleration outcomes are too difficult to measure, making comparisons to
enrichment invalid.
c) neither acceleration nor enrichment is effective.
d) enrichment programs are more effective than acceleration programs.
According to Piaget, assimilation occurs when:
a) When a baby incorporates new objects into a scheme
b) When a new object does not fit the existing scheme
c) When a baby using a favorite scheme to explore his world
d) After the developmental dilemma has been successfully resolved
Given a problem to solve, beginners tend to jump right into proposing solutions, while
experts tend to spend time thinking about the underlying causes of the problem, and
interpreting it from different perspectives. Which step in the IDEAL model are the
beginners neglecting?
a) Explore possible strategies.
b) Anticipate outcomes and act.
c) Look back and learn.
d) Define goals and represent the problem.
Based on the work of Dunn and Dunn, students may differ in preferences associated
with surroundings, and these differences:
a) necessitate individualized learning environments for all children.
b) cannot predict which learning environment will be most effective for each student.
c) can predict the students who are in need of remedial education.
d) can sometimes predict which learning environment will be most effective for each
student.
According to Erikson, a young adult who does not seek out close relationships with
other people may develop a sense of:
a) isolation.
b) guilt.
c) inferiority.
d) mistrust.
According to Piaget, accommodation occurs when:
a) When a baby incorporates new objects into a scheme
b) When a new object does not fit the existing scheme
c) When a baby using a favorite scheme to explore his world
d) After the developmental dilemma has been successfully resolved
Ms. Falkenhain wants to establish a positive mental set (the attitude of readiness) in her
students before beginning an important health lesson. She should try to arouse student
curiosity by:
a) waiting at least five minutes to allow the students to calm down for instruction.
b) having students open textbooks to the first page of the chapter in the health text.
c) emphasizing the subject’s seriousness for community health.
d) making the health concept personally relevant to students.
Shared norms, attitudes and ways of behaving that characterize a group of people are,
collectively known as:
a) Socioeconomic status
b) Culture
c) Race
d) Ethnicity
A student with an internal locus of control is likely to blame poor performance on:
a) lack of effort.
b) parents’ pressures to succeed.
c) bad luck.
d) the teacher’s difficult tests.
Piaget’s view of cognitive development as a process in which children actively build
systems of meaning and understanding of reality through their experience and
interactions is known as:
a) Behaviorism
b) Metacognition
c) Interactive theory
d) Constructivism
Teachers can enhance intrinsic motivation by:
a) withholding feedback.
b) giving constant praise.
c) personalizing lesson material.
d) giving tokens.
One way toward becoming an intentional teacher in your beginning years is to:
a) Practice teaching in front of a mirror instead of spending time away at workshops
b) Seek a mentor who is an intentional teacher to guide you and share ideas with you
c) Discourage others from observing you so you do not become inhibited
d) Keep confidential your successes and failures
Which of the following would be the most effective to help children
engage in self-regulated learning when completing long or complex
tasks?
a) A detailed paragraph of instructions
b) Student models of expectation
c) A task completion checklist
d) A stack of blank paper
Quality of instruction refers to the set of activities most people first picture when they
think of teaching: lecturing, calling on students, discussion and so on. Which of the
following may add to the quality of instruction?
a) Involving peers as peer tutors or cooperative learning partners
b) Allocated time
c) Incentive
d) Intrinsic motivation
Parents of a child who is gifted are wondering what the child will be like as an adult.
Based on Terman’s classic study, they might expect their grown child to be:
a) less athletic than other adults.
b) better adjusted than other adults.
c) less socially skilled than other adults.
d) about the same as other adults.
Which one of the following statements applies to discovery learning?
a) Math and reading are the most suitable subjects for this approach.
b) Knowledge is a product, not a process.
c) Teachers encourage students to experiment and discover.
d) No teacher input is permitted during a discovery lesson.
A teacher has spent the week teaching about women’s suffrage in the United States
during the late 1800s. Below is an outline of a lesson for today. Read the lesson, then
write a short description of a lesson that might have preceded this one and one that
might follow.
I. Women’s Suffrage (late 19th century)
A. National Women Suffrage Association worked to increase congressional support for
a constitutional amendment.
B. Suffragists attempted to cast ballots in elections and to test voting rights in the
courts.
1. Susan B. Anthony attempted to vote (early 1870s) and sued when she was prevented
from doing so, but lost.
2. Sojourner Truth was turned away before she could obtain a ballot.
C. Congress did not seem to be moving toward support for an amendment.
Researchers in the Lepper study created a highly structured setting for educational
experiments allowing them which of the following?
a) The opportunity to observe the variables under different conditions
b) The ability to standardize treatment options for children
c) A very high degree of control over all the factors involved
d) A laboratory school for observation of teacher candidates
Self-esteem is based on self-evaluation of:
a) self-actualization.
b) the Mirror Self.
c) the ego.
d) skills and abilities.
Teacher efficacy is the degree to which teachers do what?
a) Believe they are able to build rapport with at risk students
b) Make effective decisions regarding student outcomes
c) Believe their own efforts determine their students’ success
d) Believe the efficacy of student outcomes is curriculum based
A group contingency seeks to:
a) reward an individual.
b) reward a select group of students.
c) reward the entire class.
d) punish the entire class.
Which of the following type of objectives is most appropriate for cooperative learning
methods such as STAD?
a) affective
b) psychomotor
c) well-defined
d) unspecific
Analyze the following scenerios from Kohlberg’s point of view. For each scenario,
identify the moral judgment as either preconventional or conventional. Explain why
Kohlberg would classify them at the levels you select.
Seven-year-old Adam scenario: Adam (7 yrs.) and Clarice (4 yrs.) are decorating the
picture window for Halloween. Adam wishes to have total artistic control. He offers
Clarice two pieces of candy if she will give up all participation in the decorating.
Clarice thinks two pieces of candy sounds great! It’s a deal. Adam decorates the whole
window and then produces Clarice’s payoff: 2 Smarties (not two rolls of Smartiesonly
two aspirin-sized candy pills). Adam sees the deal as fair.
In time, Clarice (being very young) forgets the deal and tampers with the decorations.
Adam expresses outrage and righteous indignation, asserting that Clarice BROKE the
deal! Classify Adam’s level of moral reasoning.
Heidi’s-grandfather scenario: Heidi lives in the mountains with her grandfather.
Grandfather values the wholesome surroundings and feels the mountain life is all the
education anyone could need. When relatives come from the city to take Heidi for
schooling, he resists, arguing that she just doesn’t need to learn the school subjects. But
at last the city-aunt says, “But Grandfather, it’s the LAW!” That settles it; Heidi is sent
away with her grandfather’s complete consent. Classify the moral judgment of
Grandfather, when he changes his mind, accepting compulsory education.
Young-teen scenario: Mom insists on limiting junk food based on nutritional
considerations. Her young teenager asserts that the other kids all get unlimited junk
food. Mom sticks to her position and puts fruit in the lunch bag. Young teen is outraged
and accuses Mom of “setting your own standards!” The teenager believes that it is
wrong to go against the group and follow your own standard. Classify the moral
judgment of the young teen.
Below are three different schedules of reinforcement. Identify which
schedule is depicted and predict the effect of the schedule on
behavior.
1. An elementary school has a policy that prohibits students from
running in the halls. The hall monitor waits by the cafeteria doors
every morning from 8:00 until 8:30 looking for runners.
2. A teacher has his students complete all problems at the end of the
chapter in their math text; however, he only grades the even ones.
3. A teacher gives unannounced quizzes, usually once per week, but
sometimes more often.
Three types of verbal learning tasks are typically seen in classrooms. What are they?
Give several examples of each.
The choice of a learning strategy should depend on the nature of the material to be
learned. For two of the types of tasks you described above, suggest strategies that
would be effective for classroom learning, and explain why each of these strategies
suits its task.
A student in your third-grade class participates actively in class, and is a class leader in
mathematics. As the year goes on, you have noticed this student checking fewer books
out of the school library and his grades slowly falling in subjects heavily dependent on
reading such as social studies.
Tell what approach you would take to help this student, and if, as his educator, you have
any particular responsibility.
Does practice make perfect? Include in your response a discussion about massed vs.
distributed practice, automaticity, and enactment.
A teacher’s low expectations of some students can become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
What does this statement mean and how does it apply to social class?
Mr. Zhou has given his unit test in Social Studies, and his students obtained the
following scores (in percentages):
38 38 59 62 67 67 71 72 74 74 77 78 78 80 82 82 87 86 87 89
Mr. Zhou’s absolute grading standards apply a 90% cutoff for an A, an 80% cutoff for a
B, etc.
Mr. Zhou is questioning his grading system after examining these grades. Describe the
problem he faces. Describe Mr. Zhou’s alternative for interpreting these test scores. In
other words, what other basic approach to grading standards could he apply to the test
results? How would the letter grades be affected? Describe one drawback to this change
in grading standards.
Using an example of classroom learning, illustrate both generalization
and discrimination. Identify the important stimuli and responses in
your example.
Explain the text author’s statement that “generalization cannot be
taken for granted.” Indicate two ways in which the teacher in your
example could facilitate generalization.
You are interested in how the feedback provided by the teacher on homework
assignments influences the quality of subsequent homework. Describe how this
question might be studied using each of the following: 1/ laboratory experiment; 2/
single-case experiment; and 3/ randomized field experiment.
According to the text, there are four advantages to using computers for students with
disabilities. What are the advantages? Describe two ways that you think problems or
disadvantages might arise when students with disabilities are using computers (a
disadvantage could be a specific problem that might occur when use of computers is
implemented).
Trace the history of school desegregation beginning before 1954, to the present.
One principle of providing incentives to learn is to provide clear and specific feedback.
Make a list of feedback statements that would fit the definition of clear and specific
feedback. For each item on the list write a contrasting example, illustrating feedback
that is not clear and specific.
For each of the behavioral objectives listed below, circle the behavior, underline the
condition, if applicable, and place parentheses around the criterion, if applicable.
Using the appropriate tools and materials, create a piece of art.
Select, read, and interpret a piece of poetry.
Calculate the diameter of circles.
Without error, perform each step of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Identify the planets of the solar system.
Why was Public Law 94-142 passed? Describe how historical events led to its adoption.
Emily took a standardized test of individual ability differences in 8th grade. The test
assessed aptitude for a wide range of skills, classified according to career paths. Emily’s
parents were eager to find out what careers Emily was best suited for. When the results
arrived, they were reported in stanine scores. Emily’s parents anxiously studied the
scores, but found that they were all sevens, from mechanical aptitude, to artistic ability,
to language skills, to math computation.
Emily’s reaction was “I guess I can be anything I want, but that doesn’t really help
much.” What could you tell Emily’s parents that might help them make sense of Emily’s
scores? Is Emily very talented in all areas? How could a different scoring system shed
light on Emily’s profile of abilities?
Distinguish speech disorders from language disorders. Use specific examples to
illustrate your explanation.
Meg Campbell teaches high school physics in a private Christian school in a
Middle-Class, suburban community. Her best friend and roommate, Chris Gustafson,
teaches second grade in a public elementary school in the same community. Today, both
are planning to attend a meeting in which the state’s governor will propose that the state
adopt a school vouchers program.
Meg meets up with Chris just outside the high school auditorium, which is filled to
capacity. They find seats just as the governor is being introduced. “Thank you, Principal
Ledderman, for that fine introduction,” the governor begins. “Let me say that I am here
to tell you about a proposal I will take to the legislaturea proposal for school vouchers. I
think that a school vouchers program will revolutionize education in this state because
it holds schools accountable. Because taxpayer dollars are given directly to parents to
give to a school of their choice, school vouchers will increase competition, thus making
all schools, or those that survive, better institutions. We practice this in business, why
not our schools? In addition, vouchers will give money to poor kids who need to escape
from ineffective urban schools. It will give them a chance to get away from schools that
aren’t making it.”
Chris, who is opposed to school vouchers, raises her hand. She asks the governor,
“Aren’t public schools held to different standards than private schools? We have to be
licensed by the state, meet state and federal mandates about, for example, special
education, and we have to accept all students. How can public schools compete with
schools that have fewer regulations?”
“The differences shouldn’t matter,” replied the governor. “You’ve been trained to teach
under a variety of circumstances; at least that’s what the university people tell us. Public
schools have been able to do what they want for too long. Some healthy competition
would make them better. How could you be against that?”
Meg questions the governor next. “I work in a Christian school. What about the
separation of church and state? Would vouchers for my school be constitutional?”
Before he can reply, others speak up. “How can you say that poor kids will benefit? If
the state gives them a couple of thousand dollars, but it costs $10,000 to attend a private
school, how can this help?”
Using information from the text, continue the discussion by listing advantages and
disadvantages of vouchers. Include in your discussion information from the text about
special populations who might be affected by such a practice.
Mr. Swan had made it through his first semester of teaching industrial
technology at Lindberg Middle School. For the most part, he felt good
about his teaching relationships with students and other faculty, and
the support he received from his principal. One problem kept him
from being completely pleased with this job, however. Two students
who were difficult to handle during his first semester computer
drafting class had signed up to take his electronics class for the
second semester. Mr. Swan’s concern was that the two might
continue to talk loudly, use tools inappropriately, hit at each other,
and bother other students as they had done in the drafting class.
Talking to them didn’t seem to help.
When the lunch bell rang, Mr. Swan headed for the teachers’ lounge
as he did every day. He appreciated having time to talk with other
adults and today he had a question for his colleagues. “Stewart Bell
and Annie Hanks are in my electronic class this term. When I had
them last term, they were difficult. Can you give me some ideas
about what to do with them when they misbehave?” Several of the
teachers had ideas for Mr. Swan, so he grabbed a paper and pencil
and proceeded to write down their suggestions. After school he took
out the paper and looked at the ideas he had listed:
– Make a contract with them. Tell them they have three times to
misbehave, then you will send them to the principal.
– The contract idea is good, but reward their good behavior rather
than punish their bad behavior.
– Make them come to your class before or after school to do extra
assignments.
– If you ignore their behavior, it will stop.
– Give them detention, then call their parents.
– Talk to them privately about their behavior. Explain how they will be
punished, then follow through.
– Give them a failing grade for the day.
Using a behaviorist’s perspective, identify strategies (from the above
list) that you would consider effective and those you would consider
ineffective. Explain your rationale.