When ECT proved to be ineffective for schizophrenia, it was:
a. abandoned as a means of treatment for psychiatric disorders.
b. used to enhance memory.
c. used to stimulate the immune system.
d. used to treat other mental illnesses.
Closing your eyes and sneezing in response to suddenly seeing a bright light is an
example of:
a. the rooting reflex.
b. an allied reflex.
c. a Babinski reflex.
d. a ballistic movement.
Historically, the most famous case of a person with prefrontal damage is that of:
a. John Limbic.
b. James Papez.
c. Antonio Damasio.
d. Phineas Gage.
When a membrane is at rest, what attracts sodium ions to the inside of the cell?
a. an electrical gradient
b. a concentration gradient
c. both an electrical gradient and a concentration gradient
d. neither an electrical gradient nor a concentration gradient
A general effect of over-the-counter cold remedies is that they:
a. stimulate dopamine receptors.
b. decrease activity of the somatic nervous system.
c. increase activity of the parasympathetic nervous system.
d. increase activity of the sympathetic nervous system.
Chronically high cortisol levels can be harmful to an individual by:
a. increasing the vulnerability of the hippocampus.
b. killing off natural killer cells.
c. increasing metabolism.
d. elevating fevers.
Drugs that grossly distort perception are known as:
a. hallucinogens.
b. depressants.
c. opiates.
d. stimulants.
If a tree branch is cut, the surrounding branches may grow enough to fill in the empty
space left by the missing branch. When this same type of event occurs in the nervous
system following brain damage, it is called:
a. hemiplegia.
b. denervation supersensitivity.
c. collateral sprouting.
d. tree branching.
Electrical stimulation of a rat’s lateral hypothalamus would most likely result in:
a. an increase in food seeking behaviors.
b. a decrease in food seeking behaviors.
c. a decrease in chewing and other reflexes associated with eating.
d. damage to dopamine-containing axons passing through it.
After staring at your instructor’s red shirt for an entire class period, the negative
afterimage will most likely be:
a. green.
b. red.
c. yellow.
d. blue.
In what ways do genetics contribute to bipolar disorder?
a. There are genes on several chromosomes, although no specific gene has been found
to be a major cause.
b. A recessive gene has been found to cause bipolar disorder.
c. There has been no evidence of a genetic connection.
d. The genes responsible are only passed from father to son.
How do sleep stages 3 and 4 differ?
a. body position
b. percentage of REM
c. percentage of serotonin that is released
d. percentage of slow, low amplitude waves
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA):
a. is recommended for hemorrhage.
b. overstimulates glutamate receptors.
c. should be administered a few days after stroke.
d. is helpful in cases of ischemia.
At what point in the menstrual cycle, if any, are women who are not on birth-control
pills most likely to initiate sexual activity?
a. at any point in the menstrual cycle
b. just after the end of menstruation
c. about midway between two menstrual periods
d. just before the next menstrual period
Myelin covers:
a. all axons
b. most dendrites
c. some axons in vertebrates and none in invertebrates
d. all vertebrate axons and some invertebrate axons
After an increase in the solute concentrations in the body, you will experience:
a. a set point.
b. osmotic thirst.
c. hypovolemic thirst.
d. hunger.
High levels of leptin are associated with:
a. decreased activity and eating.
b. increased activity and eating.
c. decreased activity and increased eating.
d. increased activity and decreased eating.
Activity of a muscle spindle is to ____ as activity of the Golgi tendon organ is to ____.
a. contraction; inhibition of contraction
b. inhibition of contraction; contraction
c. inhibition of contraction; inhibition of contraction
d. contraction; contraction
Damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus leads to:
a. eating the same amount; there are no changes.
b. eating less.
c. eating more when presented with a normal or sweetened diet.
d. becoming less finicky about what they eat.
One line of research that initially appeared promising, but has since faded, was to study
learning in decapitated:
a. fish.
b. rats.
c. monkeys.
d. cockroaches.
Closed head injury is:
a. the most common cause of brain damage in young adults.
b. usually fatal.
c. the most common cause of Korsakoff’s syndrome.
d. related to Alzheimer’s disease.
What is the intensity of a sound wave called?
a. frequency
b. loudness
c. amplitude
d. tone
A ____ has eight or more arms, some of which have a bit of food or other reinforcer at
the end.
a. radial maze
b. Morris maze
c. Thompson maze
d. spatial maze
What is TRUE about altruistic behavior?
a. It is evident in every animal species.
b. It can be completely explained in terms of genetic contributions.
c. It is difficult to explain from an evolutionary/genetic point of view.
d. It has a genetic component only in humans.
More people would be born without an appendix if:
a. the appendix was removed before a person reproduced.
b. a person who was born without an appendix reproduces more than people who have
an appendix.
c. the appendix was removed after a person reproduced.
d. the appendix of healthy people was x-rayed.
On a given trait, high heritability suggests that:
a. adopted children will closely resemble their biological parents.
b. adopted children will closely resemble their adoptive parents.
c. identical twins will be less similar to each other than adopted siblings.
d. fraternal twins will be more similar to each other than identical twins.
Visual imagery is to ____ as auditory imagery is to ____.
a. A1; A1
b. V1; V1
c. area MT; A1
d. V1; A1
All of the following hormones affect the brain and the genitals EXCEPT:
a. testosterone.
b. androgen.
c. aromatase.
d. estradiol.
The structure that contains the chromosomes is called the:
a. endoplasmic reticulum.
b. nucleus.
c. mitochondrion.
d. ribosome.
The primary difference between artificial selection and natural selection is:
a. artificial selection results in fewer mutations.
b. natural selection is faster.
c. artificial selection is ineffective.
d. the factor that determines who will survive and reproduce.
EEG waves are larger when brain activity decreases because:
a. the EEG measures muscle tension, which also decreases.
b. neurons are becoming more synchronized.
c. neurons are becoming more desynchronized.
d. blood flow is increasing.
According to David Chalmers, consciousness is:
a. a fundamental property of matter.
b. not necessary for brain functioning.
c. easy to observe.
d. independent of the brain.
Which of the following can be used as a presymptomatic test for Huntington’s disease?
a. differences in blood flow between the left and right hemispheres
b. examination of chromosome 4
c. a blood test that measures the concentration of phenylalanine
d. tests of the P300 component of an evoked potential
A fever:
a. develops independently of the preoptic area.
b. is part of the body’s defense against an illness.
c. is an indication that the body is not yet fighting the infection.
d. serves to keep an animal warm during periods of reduced activity.