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Each of the following teachers is reviewing materials their students will need to know for
the upcoming final exam. Three of the following teachers are reviewing in a way that is
sensitive to their students cognitive load capacity? Which teacher is not?
a.Mr. Andrews puts all of the information students will need to know for the exam on the
board and instructs the students to copy it into notes.
b.Mr. Brown presents the information separated into sections. He completes one section
before moving on to the next.
c.Mr. Carey presents the information slowly and includes many examples and illustrations.
d.Mr. Daniels stops and repeats difficult concepts and often re-words confusing
information.
John and Jenny are both taking the same math test on Friday. John studies for 6 hours on
Thursday. Jenny studies for 2 hours per day on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday.
According to research consistent with the verbal learning theory, which student should
perform better on the math exam and why?
a.Jenny, because she studied for more days overall.
b.Neither, they would perform the same because they both studied for the same amount of
time overall.
c.John, because all of his studying was massed together.
d.Jenny, because her studying was distribute over time.
Which one of the following examples best illustrates the concept of baseline as
behaviorists use the term?
a.After Louisa notices the attention she gets from boys on days she wears tight clothes, she
often wears tight sweaters
b.Justin talks in class all the time, even though his teacher and classmates do nothing to
encourage him.
c.Dimitri is afraid of the school swimming pool after he almost drowns in it during a
swimming lesson.
d.Marsha starts copying her best friend's homework assignments regularly after she finds
out that she gets better grades if she does so.
Which one of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?
a.Johnny's teacher smiles at him when he turns in his homework on time. He now always
turns his homework in one time.
b.Betty notices that her sister gets to watch TV after she finished her chores. Betty begins
to finish her chores as well.
c.Jane sees her friend Olivia scolded by the teacher for talking out of turn in class. Jane
stops talking out of turn in class.
d.Lauren notices Emily get in trouble by the teacher for not cleaning her desk, but Lauren
doesn't want to clean out her desk.
John and Bill have both learned that when they whine and complain, their teacher will
hurry over to see what's wrong. John's teacher gives him attention every time he
complains. However, Bill's teacher gives him attention only on some of the occasions he
complains. Both teachers eventually realize that they are reinforcing the boys for
inappropriate behavior and so both stop attending to the boys when they whine and
complain. From a behaviorist perspective, we can predict that:
a.Both boys will whine and complain even more than before.
b.Both boys will stop their whining and complaining almost immediately.
c.Bill's complaining will decrease more rapidly than John's.
d.John's complaining will decrease more rapidly than Bill's.
Contemporary cognitive theory asserts that humans are actively involved in their own
learning. This assertion is most closely aligned to which theory?
a.Cognitive developmental
b.Social cognitive
c.Cognitive behavioral
d.Cognitive neuroscience
While working on a series of math problems, Kate stops after each problem to ask her
teacher, "Did I do this right?" or "Is this one OK?" With this information in mind, which
one of the following is most likely to be true about Kate?
a.She has a high need for a sense of identity.
b.She has a high need for approval.
c.She has a high need for achievement.
d.She has a high motive to avoid failure.
Maria is listening to her teacher talk about how rainy weather develops. Maria thinks,
"Rain €¦ hmm, it's supposed to rain tomorrow €¦ I wonder where I left my umbrella €¦ I
think I took it to the library yesterday €¦ I'll bet that's where I left my notebook, too."
Maria's thoughts illustrate:
a.construction in storage
b.construction in retrieval
c.retrieval cues
d.spreading activation
Jimmy misbehaved in class and his teacher punished him by forcing him to skip recess.
Withholding recess is generally an ineffective form of punishment because:
a.teachers do not consider recess a pleasant stimulus.
b.many arguments arise during recess making it a negative situation for most children.
c.recess provides a break from academic activities, which improves children's
concentration.
d.recess is too short of a time interval.
Which of the following children best illustrate the use of effortful control.
a.John loves dogs and can read books about dogs for hours.
b.Kate does not like to read and when her mother asks her to read, she watches her favorite
TV show instead.
c.Beth does not like to read, but knows it is important, so she solely attends to reading for
twenty minutes a day.
d.Natalie loves to read about dogs, but when she is assigned reading about cats, she takes
her dog for a walk instead of completing the reading assignment.
Eight-year-old Amy always seems to be in "overdrive"-she has trouble sitting still for any
length of time. Her teacher occasionally gives her short breaks in which she can get up and
move around a bit as a way of releasing pent-up energy. Such breaks occur unpredictably,
without regard for whether Amy is behaving appropriately or inappropriately at the time.
Research indicates that such noncontingent reinforcement:
a.May improve Amy's behavior somewhat, but she will likely not replace the inappropriate
behaviors with appropriate behaviors.
b.Is likely to make Amy's behavior worse
c.Will probably lead to behavioral contrast
d.Will confuse Amy and significantly increase her anxiety about classroom tasks
Jan suffers from extreme math anxiety. Three of the statements below probably describe
Jan. Which one does not?
a.She believes she is incapable of succeeding at mathematical tasks.
b.She often performs poorly on math tasks.
c.She was likely introduced to mathematical concepts before she was cognitively ready to
handle them.
d.She often has positive emotional reactions to math
Which one of the following statements best describes motivation theorists' concept of
autonomy?
a.Reinforcing yourself when you do a good job
b.Believing that you have some choice about what you do
c.Deciding what kind of person you want to become
d.Knowing you can accomplish something if you just put your mind to it
Generally speaking, adults learn and remember more easily than children do. The reverse
is true, however, when the children:
a.Initially know more about the topic being studied than the adults do
b.Get at least 8 hours of sleep per night
c.Engage in daily exercises designed to expand working memory capacity
d.Are instructed to close their eyes and listen very closely
Which of the following statement is not true of high stakes testing?
a.The tests are often not reflective of the instructional goals.
b.The results often determine students' promotion or graduation.
c.They are most often summative assessments.
d.They can only be implemented by trained behaviorists.
According to the textbook, which one of the following conclusions is most true regarding
factors that influence brain development?
a. Genetic factors have the strongest influence on brain development, particularly later in
life.
b.Environmental factors and people's experiences have the strongest influence on brain
development in middle childhood.
c. Together, brain development is shaped by genetic and environmental factors throughout
the life span.
d.Environmental factors are particularly influential in abnormal brain development.
Which of the following statements is true of situated motivation?
a.A learner's environment influences their motivation.
b.A learner's motivation influences their learning environment.
c.A learner's environment influences their motivation and the learner's motivation
influences their learning environment.
d.A learner's motivation can only be influenced by intrinsic factors.
Which of the following students is most likely using a digital intelligent tutoring program?
a.Molly is using a spelling program that audibly presents her with words to spell using her
keyboard. If she misspells a word, the program gives her personalized guidance to teach
her to correctly spell the word.
b.Jake is using a program that advertises itself as helping children become more intelligent.
It gives him many different problems to solve in a specific amount of time.
c.Nancy is using a program to learn how to tutor young children. She is instructed to read
various passages and answer corresponding questions.
d.Chris is using a program to learn how to type. It provides no feedback for incorrect
responses.
Which of the following teachers most clearly illustrates teacher self efficacy?
a.Mr. Johnson loves to each and wakes up every day hoping that the children will learn
from his lessons.
b.Mrs. Thom became a teacher so she could help disadvantaged students.
c.Mr. Baker thinks that every one can be a good teacher with the proper training.
d.Mrs. Sand is a confident teacher who believes that she can teach students.
Which one of the following statements best describes the history of contemporary
cognitive theory?
a.It has been a major force guiding learning research ever since computers were used to
understand cognition.
b.It has been the dominant perspective in learning research only in the past six or seven
decades.
c.Its roots can be traced to the work of verbal learning theory, which in turn evolved from
Jean Piaget's research in Switzerland.
d.It gained prominence only when psychologists began to cast aside the need for
objectivity in psychological research.
