At his locker, Rick is describing his exciting weekend to Tony, using
very colorful and inappropriate language. Tony gestures down the hall
to let Rick know that Sherri is approaching. Rick continues his story
but instantly cleans up his language, sounding like a completely
different person while Sherri walks by. Rick’s adjustment of his
behavior is based on:
a) a fixed interval schedule.
b) discrimination.
c) shaping.
d) immediate primary reinforcement.
Which of the following is the best example of people-first language?
a) “I have one of those intellectually disabled people in my class.”
b) “In my class I have one student with an intellectual disability.”
c) “I have one of the disabled in my class.”
d) “In my class I have one intellectually disabled student.”
According to Piaget, children in the heteronomous stage of moral development believe
that rules:
a) are relative.
b) bring automatic punishment.
c) and punishment are unrelated.
d) bring about ethical challenges.
According to research, what effect do techniques such as STAD have in inclusive
classrooms?
a) Achievement of nondisabled students drops.
b) Social acceptance of students with learning disabilities increases.
c) Achievement of students with disabilities drops.
d) Students with disabilities are unable to function as team players.
The “least restrictive environment” provision of P.L. 94-142 provides a direct legal
basis for:
a) full inclusion.
b) each student who needs special education being entitled to it.
c) parents having a right to file a grievance if they are dissatisfied with the services their
children are receiving.
d) inclusion of individuals with disabilities in regular classes.
Which of the following statements regarding visual impairments is true?
a) When a vision loss is correctable it is still a disability.
b) A person whose field of vision is significantly narrower than a normal person’s could
be considered legally blind.
c) Individuals who are labeled legally blind have no sight.
d) Partially sighted people must use Braille in order to read.
A major revolution is taking place in technology applications in education. One of these
approaches is blended learning. Blending learning strategies:
a) mix ability groups of students from other classes
b) combine ordinary teaching with a broad range of Internet applications
c) are effective approaches in compensatory education
d) combine mastery learning and direct instruction
The scoring reports for a criterion-referenced achievement test would show:
a) a student’s normal curve equivalent score on each test item.
b) the number of test items a student answered correctly for each objective.
c) students’ confidence ratings of their performance on each test item.
d) students’ rankings compared to all students who took the test.
Ms. Hurteau’s eighth-grade class is using a cooperative learning strategy to discuss
ramifications of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Which of the following is a specific skill Ms.
Hurteau’s students will need in the cooperative learning setting?
a) Active listening
b) Self directed learning
c) Metacognition
d) Means-end analysis
According to Piaget, the process of adjusting schemes in response to the environment
by means of assimilation and accommodation is:
a) Adaptation
b) Scheme transition
c) Adjustment patterns
d) Decentralization
Research has favored cooperative learning in cases where two essential conditions are
met. First, there must be some kind of recognition or small reward provided to groups
that do well so that group members can see that it is in their interest to help their
group-mates learn. What is the second essential condition?
a) Whole-class accountability
b) Group accountability
c) Teacher accountability
d) Individual accountability
Children in the concrete operational stage have the understanding of space well enough
to do which of the following?
a) Draw a map from home to school
b) Move hands on the clock to demonstrate understanding of time
c) Think about future events
d) Know the earth’s distance from the sun
The question “What is the difference between where I am now and where I want to be?”
is a critical step in:
a) inductive reasoning.
b) means-ends analysis.
c) expository learning.
d) discovery learning.
Children with Asperger Syndrome may exhibit which of the following?
a) normal social relationships
b) some difficulty with social relationships
c) maintaining eye contact often
d) understanding basic social cues
According to Kohlberg, for individuals operating at which level of moral development
is morality defined in terms of cooperation with peers?
a) preconventional
b) postconventional
c) unconventional
d) conventional
During adolescence people begin to explore their:
a) sexual identity.
b) civic ability.
c) academic integrity.
d) trust versus mistrust.
According to the principle of least intervention, which of the following strategies would
normally be tried sooner than the others, following minor misbehavior?
a) apply consequences
b) verbal reminder
c) repeated reminders
d) nonverbal cues
Brianna and Grayson each have a bucket of blocks and each is building a tower with the
blocks on the floor. Brianna runs out of square shapes and sees that Grayson has some
left. She asks Grayson for one, offering to trade a triangle in return. Grayson makes the
trade and asks Brianna is she will trade another triangle for a square. Brianna and
Grayson are engaged in:
a) solitary play.
b) cooperative play.
c) associative play.
d) parallel play.
The feeling that an individual will not be successful regardless of actual ability has been
identified as:
a) learning goal.
b) performance goal.
c) expectancy theory.
d) learned helplessness.
The length of time a teacher allows a student to answer a question, before prompting or
redirecting the question, is called:
a) mental set.
b) delay interval.
c) wait time.
d) attention span.
In a research study, subjects were asked to count backwards by threes while trying to
memorize nonsense letters. A major implication of the findings was:
a) a mechanical task such as counting cannot be performed if long-term memory is
filled to capacity.
b) short-term memory involves random rather than sequential access.
c) interference does not occur if two sets of stimuli are unrelated.
d) interference occurs when people are unable to rehearse information in short-term
memory.
Ramona is a first year teacher. She prepared tirelessly all summer for a fifth-grade
position. As school approached she learned the fifth-grade position was eliminated and
instead she would fill a first-grade position. Ramona knows in order to be an effective
teacher she will most need to:
a) Take student physical development into account when arranging the classroom
b) Be careful to model traditional gender roles for such young learners
c) Adapt her instruction to meet the district grade level objectives
d) Take into account her students’ ages and stages of development
What should always be used as a last option when reinforcement strategies are
ineffective?
a) Discipline
b) Rewards
c) Praise
d) Punishment
Which cognitive characteristic is Athena showing when she plays hide and seek and
pulls the drape over her head with the rest of her body showing believing no one will
see her?
a) Immaturity of thought
b) Object relevance
c) Egocentrism
d) Same sight
A researcher wants to study the effects of rewards on motivation and needs to set up
two groups: one to receive rewards for its efforts and one to receive no rewards. What
procedure should the researcher use to guarantee both groups are essentially equivalent?
a) Put reward-motivated students in one group and the other students in the second
group
b) Put students in groups based on perceived response to past rewards
c) Assign group numbers by having students count off by twos
d) Randomly assign students to each group
A criterion-referenced achievement test is designed to measure the degree to which a
student:
a) compares to his or her peers.
b) has improved.
c) performs simple tasks.
d) has mastered well-specified skills.
The three basic categories of secondary reinforcers are:
a) social, token, and unconditioned.
b) activity, token, and metacognition.
c) social, mediation, and symbolic.
d) social, activity, and token.
A special education teacher suggests that an extra step be added to instructions for a
science task, to make the task clearer to a student with a learning disability. This
modification is an example of:
a) an adaptation in modes of communication.
b) a content adaptation.
c) a format adaptation.
d) full inclusion.
A student who is assigned to a general education class for most of the day works away
from that classroom for an hour each day on reading and mathematics, in a small group,
with a special education teacher. This type of placement is called:
a) consultation.
b) special-education class placement.
c) resource room placement.
d) special-education class placement with part-time inclusion.
Which of the follow programs is an example of a compensatory program?
a) A work-study program
b) Vocational/technical program
c) Problem-solving programs
d) Title I
An itinerant (or traveling) teacher would be most likely to provide help for a student
with:
a) a speech disorder.
b) a learning disability.
c) cerebral palsy.
d) a hyperactivity problem.
A student believes that her reason for success in reading is the effort put into the task.
The student’s locus of control is:
a) external.
b) luck-based.
c) internal.
d) dimensional.
Engaging students with lesson content through methods such as cooperative activities,
simulations, games or technology can:
a) help make lesson concepts understandable and memorable for students.
b) create allocated time for learning.
c) help close the Digital Gap in learning.
d) allow alignment of instructional plans with academic standards.
Which of the following descriptors best characterizes the results of a norm-referenced
test?
a) yields a list of remediation strategies to help low achievers
b) shows the achievement differences between students
c) gives teacher feedback on how well students can perform a set of skills
d) helps teacher revise lessons covered on the test
“A quiet class is a learning class.” This is a fallacy, according to your text author.
Explain how this viewpoint relates to applied behavioral analysis. In other words, in
what ways is the use of this behavioral technique subject to the “quiet class” fallacy?
How is creative problem solving different from traditional, analytical problem solving?
Historically, a great debate has focused on whether intelligence is a product of heredity
or a product of an individual’s environment. Using supporting evidence from the text,
argue one of these two points of view.
Elaine Hanley teaches at Maple Hills High School in a large suburban community. Her
third period advanced placement history students completed their first exam of the year
and they were not happy with the results.
Mrs. Hanley knew the students would be concerned. Most of them were applying at
competitive colleges across the nation, so grades and grade point averages were a part
of their daily discussions.
“I’m doomed!” cried a student who Mrs. Hanley knew was applying to Carlston
University, a prestigious nearby institution. “I’ll never get into Carlston now!”
“Mrs. Hanley, what can we do?” asked another member of the class. “I’m not sure it’s
worth taking this advanced placement class if all I can get is a C on the exam. I’d be
better off in the regular history class getting A’s.”
“Instead of changing classes,” declared Mrs. Hanley, “let’s figure out some study
strategies that will help you get high grades on my tests. First of all, what’s different
about my tests? Why are they more difficult for you?”
“You make us know the stuff. In most classes we just write down what the teacher says,
memorize it, then take the exam.”
Mrs. Hanley replied, “Well, you’re right, I want you to do more than memorize history.
What study strategies do you use? Monica?”
“First of all, I take notes in class, then rewrite them when I get home. I underline
important points, which is just about everything I write down. Then I read and reread
until I think I have a page of notes memorized.”
Next Mrs. Hanley asks, “Alex, how do you study for tests?”
“I don’t take many notes, but listen carefully to what the teacher says. When I study my
text, I just start from the beginning and read until I’m finished. That usually works for
me.”
After listening to other students about their study habits, Mrs. Hanley announced, “I
think I can help you study for my tests by suggesting some different strategies than
those you are now using.”
Using the information from the chapter, discuss whether or not the strategies suggested
by the students are effective. If they are effective strategies, what makes them effective?
If they are ineffective, what makes them so? What additional strategies do you think
Elaine Hanley will suggest to her students?
In what ways are standardized tests used to select and place students into special
groups, classes, or institutions?
In addition to their close friends, most adolescents also place high value on the larger
peer group as a source of ideas and values as well as companionship and entertainment.
Discuss the nature of peer relationships in adolescence in terms of social status and peer
groups and the benefits to children with positive social status. Please discuss cliques,
crowds and the pressure to conform.
How will you help to foster the social integration of students with disabilities into your
classroom?
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of relative grading standards.
Below is a lesson plan on data collection and interpretation. Decide on a developmental
level for which the lesson would be most appropriate. Using the cognitive,
psychosocial, and moral developmental theories from the chapter, support your
decision.
Lesson: Data Collection and Interpretation
1. Ask students to conduct a survey of teachers and parents, about whom they will
support in an upcoming election (e.g., school, city council, state or national). Questions
are to include a list of reasons why a candidate is supported.
2. Have students record the number of support votes a candidate receives and the
rationale given for the support.
3. In groups, ask students to make interpretations about the results of the survey.
What strategies are useful for preventing serious behavior problems?
As a teacher, what classroom strategies could you use to help students memorize either
of the following lists?
Extended thinking. Increasing the meaningfulness of material must involve the use of
information already stored in the learner’s long-term memory. Using the information
processing model, explain why one strategy you described above would involve both:
(1) the flow of information from short-term memory to long-term memory, AND (2) the
flow of information from long-term memory to short-term memory.
Explain how an individual might reason at each stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral
development.
Mary Resnick is teaching creative writing as part of her first teaching assignment. She
wonders how her students will react to this being her first year of teaching, but not her
first year as a working adult (she decided to become a teacher after raising her own
children). Because her daughters had teachers who Mary considered weak, she decided
she was going to be firm, but fair. “This is not a popularity contest,” Mary reasons. “All
students should work hard and if they do, I’ll reward them with good grades.”
Mrs. Resnick stands by the door as her first period students enter. When they are settled
into their desks, she says that she expects them to write well by the end of the school
year. She also tells them that if they don’t, they will fail her class.
Each week, as the school year progresses, Mrs. Resnick reviews her students’ essays. As
a motivational technique, she writes comments such as “below average work” or
“unacceptable” on the top of their papers. “This will get them to try harder,” she
rationalizes. However, while the writing skills of some of the students improve, most
seem to be giving up. “This is not what I expected to happen,” Mary tells her mentor
teacher, Annie Jasperson. “Maybe I can explain how your students might be feeling,”
replies Annie.
Using the motivational theories from the chapter (e.g., behavioral, human needs,
attribution, and expectancy theory), write Annie’s response.
A teacher wants to start a gifted and talented program. According to the 1978 Gifted
and Talented Act, who could be included in such a program? On what grounds might
someone argue against the teacher’s plan?
How can the teacher respond to a taxpayer who says “Gifted students are emotionally
unstable kids with high IQs that need more social contact.”
Below is a student’s erroneous portrayal of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Study it, then
make changes so that it is correct.
safety needs
esteem needs
aesthetic needs
physiological needs
belongingness needs
self-actualization needs
need to know and understand
Not all adolescents experience serious problems, but among those who are at, it is far
better to prevent problems before they arise. Many programs have demonstrated
success with a wide range of problem behaviors by embedding preventative strategies
in the regular curriculum. Outline a preventative program for adolescents and identify
specific high risk behaviors you hope to positively impact.
Explain how Vygotsky’s theories of learning and development have influenced
constructivism.