Chapter 10:
Medicine in a Pluralistic Society
Multiple Choice Questions
1) What value was invoked as an evolving ideal by both Martin Luther King, Jr., and Abraham
Lincoln?
a) Paternalism
b) Equality
c) Autonomy
d) Freedom
2) A society that embraces diverse ways of being and living is often called
a) egalitarian.
b) free.
c) pluralistic.
d) equalitarian.
3) What surface trait did traditional notions of race take to be indicative of underlying genetic
differences?
a) Skin color
b) Facial features
c) Hair texture
d) All of these choices
4) How much human genetic variation occurs within traditional categories of race?
a) 25%
b) 45%
c) 65%
d) 85%
5) Richard Cooper’s research on hypertension rates suggests which of the following?
a) Race should be used as a medical proxy.
b) Hypertension rates are genetically based.
c) The racial gap in rates of hypertension in the United States is the result of environmental
factors.
d) All of these choices
6) The reason for which few scientists advocate abandoning the use of racial terminology in
research and clinical practice is which of the following?
a) Most diseases have a genetic component that is race-linked.
b) Categories of race have a profound impact on people’s lives and health.
c) African Americans have been systematically discriminated against and this situation
needs to be addressed by leaving out the use of racial terminology.
d) All of these choices.
7) The use of race as a social construct is what Michael Montoya calls
a) pragmatic.
b) descriptive.
c) attributive.
d) definitive.
8) What conception of disability is premised on the idea that there is a universal standard of
functioning for human beings?
a) The social concept of disability
b) The medical concept of disability
c) The pragmatic concept of disability
d) The pluralistic concept of disability
9) On the social model of disability what constitutes an impairment?
a) An atypical or abnormal feature of the body or brain
b) A specific incapacity
c) The social disadvantages faced by persons who are physically unusual
d) All of these choices
10) On the social model of disability what constitutes a handicap?
a) An atypical or abnormal feature of the body or brain
b) A specific incapacity
c) The social disadvantages faced by persons who are physically unusual
d) All of these choices
11) One of the foundational ideas behind a more genuinely pluralistic and egalitarian society, as
elaborated by thinkers ranging from Thomas Jefferson to Martin Luther King, Jr., is that the
recognition of human dignity, autonomy, and vulnerability should depend
a) on nature and culture both.
b) not on the accidents of birth or biology but on our commonalities as persons or citizens in
a moral community.
c) not on stereotypes but on individual merit.
d) not on cultural identities but on social values.
12) What is the term for the tendency to approach men as the paradigmatic model of the human
species?
a) Cisgendering
b) Transgendering
c) Heterocentrism
d) Androcentrism
13) According to Minkoff and Paltrow, granting more extensive rights to the unborn than are
held by born individuals comes at the expense of which value?
a) Autonomy
b) Informed consent
c) Justice
d) All of these choices
14) What presumption should research always begin with, according to Patricia A. King?
a) That, with respect to disease, black persons and white persons are biologically distinct
b) That, with respect to disease, black persons and white persons are biologically identical
c) That, with respect to research, examination of diseases that affect primarily black persons
should be favored over those that affect primarily white persons
d) That, with respect to research, examination of diseases should be racially colorblind
15) Powell and Stein point to evidence that indicates that sexual orientation is likely to be a
product of
a) genetics only.
b) environment only.
c) both genetics and environment.
d) either genetics or environment, but not both.
1) Neglecting to take into account sex differences in medicine can have serious consequences
for patients.
2) Medical treatments for women are often based on a male model.
3) Differential medical outcomes between men and women are solely the result of sex
differences.
4) Gender norms can affect health outcomes.
5) Men and woman are biologically opposite to each other.
6) Different cells in the same tissue are all genetically identical.
7) Precision medicine aims to tailor treatment to specific cohorts of people.
8) African Americans can tolerate syphilis better than Caucasians.
9) The Tuskegee Syphilis Study secured the informed consent of its participants.
10) Social categories of race are a poor proxy for genetic differences.
11) Race-based medicine has been defended as a step toward personalized medicine.
12) Race is a biological category.
13) Sex differences are more like a spectrum than a binary system.
14) Gender differences are more like a spectrum than a binary system.
15) There is evidence that sexual orientation has a genetic component.