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Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
1. Most digital cameras use the bitmap format to store photos.
a.
True
b.
False
2. The first 3 bytes of an XIF file are exactly the same as a TIF file.
a.
True
b.
False
3. Each graphics file type has a unique header value.
a.
True
b.
False
4. When you decompress data that uses a lossy compression algorithm, you regain data lost by compression.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Graphics files are created and saved in a graphics editor, such as Microsoft Paint, Adobe Freehand MX, Adobe
Photoshop, or Gnome GIMP.
a.
True
b.
False
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
6. How many different colors can be displayed by a 24 bit colored pixel?
a.
256
b.
65,536
c.
16,777,216
d.
4,294,967,296
7. How many bits are required to create a pixel capable of displaying 65,536 different colors?
a.
8 bits
b.
16 bits
c.
32 bits
d.
64 bits
8. In simple terms, _____________ compression discards bits in much the same way rounding off decimal values discards
numbers.
a.
Huffman
b.
Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW)
c.
Vector Quantization
d.
Adaptive Quantization
9. Which of the following is not considered to be a non-standard graphics file format?
a.
.dxf
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b.
.tga
c.
.rtl
d.
.psd
10. The _____________ format is a proprietary format used by Adobe Photoshop.
a.
.tga
b.
.fh11
c.
.svg
d.
.psd
11. Which graphics file format below is rarely compressed?
a.
GIF
b.
JPEG
c.
BMP
d.
None of the above
12. What format was developed as a standard for storing metadata in image files?
a.
jpeg
b.
tif
c.
exif
d.
bitmap
13. Select below the utility that is not a lossless compression utility:
a.
PKZip
b.
WinZip
c.
StuffIt
d.
Lzip
14. What kind of graphics file combines bitmap and vector graphics types?
a.
metafile
b.
bitmap
c.
jpeg
d.
tif
15. For EXIF JPEG files, the hexadecimal value starting at offset 2 is _____________.
a.
FFE0
b.
FFE1
c.
FFD8
d.
FFD9
16. What act defines precisely how copyright laws pertain to graphics?
a.
1988 Image Ownership Act
b.
1976 Copyright Act
c.
1923 Patented Image Act
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d.
1976 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
17. When looking at a byte of information in binary, such as 11101100, what is the first bit on the left referred to as?
a.
major significant bit (MSB)
b.
least significant bit (LSB)
c.
most significant bit (MSB)
d.
leading significant bit (LSB)
18. Referred to as a digital negative, the _______ is typically used on many higher-end digital cameras.
a.
raster file format
b.
bitmap file format
c.
jpeg file format
d.
raw file format
19. All TIF files start at offset 0 with what 6 hexadecimal characters?
a.
2A 49 48
b.
FF 26 9B
c.
49 49 2A
d.
AC 49 2A
20. The Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) algorithm is used in _____________ compression.
a.
lossy
b.
lossless
c.
vector quantization
d.
adaptive
21. What file type starts at offset 0 with a hexidecimal value of FFD8?
a.
tiff
b.
jpeg
c.
xdg
d.
bmp
22. The process of converting raw picture data to another format is called _________________.
a.
splicing
b.
carving
c.
demosaicing
d.
vector quantization
23. Which of the following formats is not considered to be a standard graphics file format?
a.
gif
b.
jpeg
c.
dxf
d.
tga
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24. Which of the following is not a type of graphic file that is created by a graphics program?
a.
bitmap images
b.
vector graphics
c.
metafile graphics
d.
raster graphics
25. For all JPEG files, the ending hexadecimal marker, also known as the end of image (EOI), is ____________.
a.
FFE0
b.
FFD8
c.
FFD9
d.
FFFF
Enter the appropriate word(s) to complete the statement.
26. The ______________ is the best source for learning more about file formats and their extensions.
27. ProDiscover adds a ____________ extension automatically on all copied clusters the Recover Clusters function
exports.
28. Bitmap images store graphics information as grids of _________, short for “picture elements.”
29. A standard JFIF JPEG file has a header value of __________________ from offset 0 and the label name JFIF starting
at offset 6.
30. The _______________ format is an image format produced by the Nuance PaperPort scanning program.
Match each term with the correct definition below:
a.
bitmap images
b.
carving
c.
demosaicing
d.
Exchangeable Image File (ExIF)
e.
false positives
f.
metafile graphics
g.
nonstandard graphics file formats
h.
raster images
i.
vector graphics
j.
vector quantization (VQ)
31. The process of converting raw picture data to another fornat, such as JPEG or TIF.
32. Graohics based on mathematicsl instructions to form lines, curves, text, and other geometrical shapes.
33. Graphics files that are combinations of bitmap and vector images.
34. Collections of pixels stored in rows rather than a grid, as with bitmap images, to make graphics easier to print; usually
creates when a vector graphic is converted to a bitmap image.
35. Collection of dots, or pixels, in a grid format that form a graphic.
36. A form of compression that uses an algorithm similar to rounding off decimal values to eliminate unnecessary bits of
data.
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37. A file format the Japan Electronics and Informatuin Technology Industries Association (JEITA) developed as a
standard for storing metadata in JPEG or TIF files.
38. The process of recovering file fragments that are scattered across a disk.
39. Less common graphic file formats, including proprietary formats, newer formats, formats that most image viewers
don’t recognize, and old or obsolete formats.
40. The results of keyword searches that contain the correct match but aren’t relevant to the investigation.
41. What is the biggest disadvantage of the raw file format?
42. Describe the difference between lossy compression and lossless compression.
43. How do vector graphics differ from bitmap and raster images?
44. When using steganography to hide messages, why is it better to change the least significant bits of an image, and how
is this detected?
45. What can investigators learn using Exif format metadata, and how is this data accessed?
46. List the standard bitmap graphics file formats.
47. Describe the two major forms of steganography.
48. Why should date and time for a file be considered subjective evidence?
49. Explain the difference between bitmap and raster images.
50.
What is a digital watermark, and how is it used?
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