A Permissive Democrat combines a high degree of subordinate participation in
decisions with close supervision.
Social scientists consider two people to be a dyad, three people a triad, and four or more
people a group.
Charisma, self-confidence, vision, inspiration, and morality are all characteristics of
transformational leaders.
When group members encounter a common enemy, the group will usually become more
cohesive.
The tendency for decision makers to adhere to the first idea that comes into their heads
is called hypervigilance.
Managers have a special duty to reduce and eliminate all conflict because of its
destructive effects.
Custom-tailored one-on-one learning is known as mentoring.
One function of an organizationʹs culture is to clarify standards of acceptable and
unacceptable behavior.
Cafeteria-style benefit plans can be used to motivate employees to perform at
above-average levels.
Corporate social responsibility primarily involves meeting the prevailing legal and
ethical standards.
Organizational ethics is defined as the study of peopleʹs perceptions of and reactions to
fairness and unfairness in organizations.
In communication theory, noise is anything that distorts the clarity of the message.
Competition over scarce resources within an organization is generally beneficial in that
it encourages members to cooperate in budgeting and conserving these resources.
Engaging the employees in solving the problems and implementing change only
increases conflict and additional resistance to the change efforts.
Norms are the formal, written rules that guide the behavior of members of the group.
The practice of gathering and processing information in an effort to figure out how
fairly we are treated is called fairness monitoring.
Governmental agencies and large corporations tend to have clan cultures.
By routinely arriving a few minutes late for meetings, the government official was able
to use non-verbal communication to remind others of his status in the community.
The behavior of people at the postconventional level of moral development judge what
is right and wrong in terms of what is good for society as a whole.
Networking is beneficial to leadership development, because it promotes peer
relationships in work settings.
The environmental activist was framing the problem when his report only listed the
positive aspects of increasing the sales taxes on trucks.
The term grapevine refers to the transmission of unofficial information that is based on
speculation, someoneʹs overactive imagination, and wishful thinking, rather than facts.
Telecommuting involves using a computer to work while at home or at any other
remote location.
Positive reinforcement increases the probability that the behavior that resulted in
positive outcomes is likely to reoccur.
Organizational behavior draws from the highly individual-oriented approach of
psychology.
Stereotypes are negative perceptions about people belonging to certain groups.
Medical experts have found a very strong link between stress and physical health.
Organizations should strive to build highly cohesive groups, because such groups will
be more productive and supportive of the organizationʹs initiatives.
Social facilitation refers to the tendency whereby some people will perform better
before an audience than when they are alone, while others will perform better alone
than in the presence of others.
In organizations founded by a strong leader, the original culture reflected the values of
the founder. However, the culture inevitably changes significantly when the founder is
no longer involved in the day-to-day affairs of the organization.
When employees are given full information about an upcoming pay freeze, they are
more likely to start looking for a new job.
The job characteristics model recognizes that some people neither want nor can handle
enriched jobs.
Repatriation helps people adjust to the culture shock they experience when returning to
their native cultures after spending time away from it.
In terms of interpersonal justice, people are sensitive to how fairly they have been
treated by other people such as authority figures.
Meghan believes that her supervisor intentionally excluded her from the strategic
planning meeting. This indicates that malevolent attribution has occurred.
While an organizationʹs culture is not static, changes can and do occur. However,
cultural changes always are slow and cannot be planned.
Strategic planning is a circular process involving a definition of the organizationʹs
goals, an assessment of both the internal and external environments, followed by the
development and implementation of a competitive strategy. The outcome is evaluated to
determine if the goals have been met and whether any adjustments are needed.
Marilyn and David are recent graduates of Central State college. Both accepted similar
positions at the same firm. During orientation, David discovered that Marilynʹs salary
was significantly higher than his. According to equity theory, David will feel ________
while Marilyn will feel ________.
A) angry; guilty
B) disappointed; justified
C) livid; smug
D) discrimination; recognized
Professor Collins is able to award grades to students at the end of each semester
because the college has
granted her
A) personal power.
B) legitimate power.
C) coercive power.
D) expert power.
To develop the leadership skills of top leaders, organizations use
A) cross-cultural training.
B) apprenticeship programs.
C) classroom training.
D) executive training programs.
Organizations that are identified as having an adhocracy culture emphasize
A) stability and attention to whatʹs going on inside the organization.
B) flexibility while paying attention to the external environment.
C) hierarchical control and attention to the external environment.
D) adaptation to change while focusing on the needs of the employees.
Extinction occurs when
A) inappropriate behavior is punished.
B) good behavior goes unrewarded.
C) undesirable consequences are avoided through appropriate behavior.
D) previously rewarded behavior is no longer rewarded.
What is an open system?
A) A structured social system consisting of groups and individuals working together to
meet some agreed-upon objective.
B) A system of communication that promotes two-way conversation.
C) An interactive dialog incorporating feedback from all stakeholders.
D) A self-sustaining system that uses energy to transform resources from the
environment into some form of output.
The primary purpose of affirmative action plans is to
A) establish quotas to provide equal opportunities for women and racial minorities.
B) give employment opportunities to qualified individuals belonging to groups that
traditionally have been
disadvantaged.
C) eliminate employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national
origin.
D) require employers to hire, develop, and promote members of previously
underrepresented
disadvantaged groups.
Chris, a manager, enjoys solving complex problems. He tends to approach decisions by
carefully analyzing
alternatives. He is utilizing a(n) ________ style of decision-making.
A) directive
B) conceptual
C) analytical
D) behavioral
In ________, behavior is studied carefully to see how a particular variable that is
systematically varied affects other aspects of behavior.
A) naturalistic observations
B) experimental research
C) case studies
D) survey research
What is an emoticon?
A) A graphic representation of a facial expression
B) An attempt to solicit personal information via e-mail
C) A series of small-group discussions conducted on-line
D) A computer virus that spreads rapidly throughout a network
The direction component of motivation involves
A) the individualʹs attempts to establish a set of goals and objectives.
B) peopleʹs willingness to continue to exert effort until a goal is met.
C) the choice of behavior with respect to the arousal.
D) meeting the basic existence needs of food, shelter, and warmth.
To avoid perceptions of inequity, an employer should
A) make pay rates public information.
B) pay competitive salaries.
C) give bonuses based on performance.
D) pay all employees the same.
What is the purpose of organizational behavior management?
A) To punish undesirable behavior, not the person
B) To administer punishment immediately after undesirable responses occur
C) To ensure successful transfer of learning from the classroom to the job
D) To raise the incidence of desirable organizational behaviors
Some student actors perform exceptionally well in front of an audience while others
forget their lines. This
phenomenon is called
A) stage fright.
B) social facilitation.
C) audience effect.
D) performance anxiety.
The plant manager who continually criticizes and ridicules the performance of workers
without offering any
constructive advice is using
A) destructive criticism.
B) substantive conflict.
C) malevolent attributions.
D) anti-social behavior.
People who are at the postconventional level of moral reasoning
A) are judged to be ethically superior.
B) judge what is right and wrong in terms of their societal obligations.
C) do what they are convinced is truly right, even if others disagree.
D) are unable to function in modern business organizations.
Physical and emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and feelings of low personal
accomplishment are all
A) symptoms of burnout.
B) natural responses to overwork.
C) instinctual reactions to depression.
D) observable symptoms of a heart attack.
________ theory focuses on discrepancies between what people have and what they
want.
A) Equity
B) Value
C) Affirmative action
D) Fairness
Max Weber and Frederick Taylor believed that effective organizations were ones that
had
A) a flat structure with a high degree of decentralization.
B) a formal hierarchy, a clear set of rules, and specialization of labor.
C) a preference for nepotism.
D) alotofred-tape to discourage empire building.
Peter and Paul know and understand each other so well that Peter is willing to allow
Paul to act on his behalf.
This is an example of
A) calculus-based trust.
B) transactional contract.
C) identification-based trust.
D) a psychological contract.
In organizational behavior, creativity is defined as
A) the introduction of new products to the market.
B) designing the system of authority and responsibility for members.
C) forming task forces and think tanks to investigate new trends.
D) the process by which individuals or teams produce novel and useful ideas.
Organizational ________ is concerned with the degree to which people are involved
with their organizations
and are interested in remaining members.
A) satisfaction
B) commitment
C) citizenship
D) loyalty
Believing that ʺall fraternity men are heavy drinkersʺ is an example of
A) groupthink.
B) prejudice.
C) discrimination.
D) stereotypes.
Which of the following assumes that people are basically lazy, dislike work, need
direction, and will only work hard when they are pushed into action?
A) Scientific management
B) Time and motion study
C) Theory Y philosophy
D) Theory X orientation
The human relations movement
A) emphasized the importance of employee training and development.
B) encouraged employee participation in organizational decision making.
C) rejected the primary economic orientation of scientific management.
D) concentrated on redesigning the workplace to eliminate safety hazards.
For change to be accepted, it is necessary to
A) facilitate direction from the senior management of the company.
B) establish a system of rewards and punishments linked to participation.
C) win the support of the most powerful and influential individuals in the company.
D) reward the individuals who contribute the most to the strategy.
As a former president, George W. Bush is unable to command U.S. military operations.
This is because he lacks
A) reward power.
B) expert power.
C) referent power.
D) position power.
Face-to-face talks, telephone conversations, letters, and e-mail messages are classified
as
A) planned communication.
B) workplace communication.
C) verbal communication.
D) informal communication.
In a centralized organizational structure
A) the staff personnel are given more status and authority.
B) a few powerful individuals hold most of the decision-making power.
C) all of the organizationʹs employees are located in one central place.
D) people are permitted to make decisions that affect their daily activities.
Overloaded with constant interruptions, phone calls, reports, e-mails, and scheduled
meetings, the CEO hired an administrative assistant to serve as ________. The
assistantʹs primary function was to control the CEOʹs appointment schedule and the
flow of information.
A) gatekeeper
B) filter
C) scheduler
D) screener
Just as people have unique personalities that distinguish them from others, each
organization has a unique
A) structure.
B) credo.
C) society.
D) culture.
Change that is continuous in nature, involving no major shifts in how an organization
operates is known as
A) planned change.
B) second-order change.
C) quantum change.
D) first-order change.
Which of the following use such techniques as meditation and relaxation in an effort to
train people to become
less adversely affected by stress?
A) Stress management programs
B) Member assistance programs
C) Time management
D) Wellness training
A major finding of the Hawthorne studies is that
A) working conditions impact productivity.
B) employees work best without close supervision.
C) organizations are social systems.
D) employees are economic creatures.
The first step in the organizational innovation process is
A) setting the stage.
B) producing the ideas.
C) assessing the outcome.
D) setting the agenda.