Which of the following is NOT one of the three variables included by psychologists in
the Manson reliability test of eyewitness identification?
a. The eyewitness’s opportunity to view the criminal.
b. The amount of attention the witness paid to the criminal.
c. The witness’s confidence in the accuracy of their identification.
d. Expert testimony concerning the reliability of eyewitness identification.
The Supreme Court has ruled that there is a constitutional right of access to forensic
evidence.
a. True
b. False
The ________justification stems from an ancient legal saying, “There’s no right without
a remedy.”
a. poisonous tree
b. deterrence
c. constitutional right
d. prophylactic rule
The Supreme Court balancing approach to stop and frisk requires weighing:
a. individual privacy rights and the value of controlling crime.
b. Fourth Amendment rights and Fifth Amendment rights.
c. efficient use of police resources and individual liberty.
d. public opinion about crime and privacy rights.
Which of the following is NOT a remedy for illegal government action?
a. Internal discipline
b. Legislative action
c. Damage suits against governments
d. Criminal prosecution
In Florida v J.L. (2000), what did the court decide with regards to an anonymous tip
regarding a man with a gun?
a. That the informant would have to identify themselves before the police could act.
b. That a stop and frisk was justified in the interests of public safety.
c. That an anonymous tip lacking any indications of reliability does not justify a stop
and frisk, even though it did allege the illegal possession of a firearm.
d. That as long as the police could verify the information, it a stop and frisk would be
permissible.
In Atwater v. City of Lago Vista,the Supreme Court ruled that:
a. the Fourth Amendment does not prohibit a warrantless arrest for a minor offense,
including a traffic misdemeanor violation.
b. the Fourth Amendment prohibits a warrantless arrest for a minor offense, including a
traffic misdemeanor violation.
c. the Fourth Amendment prohibits a warrantless arrest for a traffic misdemeanor
violation.
d. the Fourth Amendment requires that in order to effect an arrest for a traffic
misdemeanor violation there should be reasonable suspicion that the suspect has also
committed a felony.
The Fourteenth Amendment due process clause is applicable at which stages of the
criminal process?
a. Only at arrest
b. Only after formal charges have been filed
c. Only after custodial interrogation begins
d. At all stages of the criminal process
What effect has the Fourth Amendment search and seizure conditions had on American
criminal procedure?
a. It has assisted in protecting a notion of privacy for individuals.
b. It has given the police unrestricted abilities to conduct searches.
c. It has greatly limited personal expectations of liberty in public places.
d. It has guaranteed that law enforcement can act arbitrarily to gather facts.
According to legal experts, the primary generators of the rules to regulate the behavior
of police, prosecutors, and others involved in the criminal process rests with the:
a. legislature.
b. President of the United States.
c. trial courts.
d. U.S. Supreme Court.
Many legal commentators suggest that one way to reform identification procedures
would be to:
a. loosen the standards for admitting expert testimony on human perception and
memory and the problems related to eyewitness identification.
b. require all eyewitnesses to undergo psychological testing concerning their recall and
retention abilities.
c. require police to corroborate all eyewitness identifications for all types of cases.
d. totally ban the use of photo identification procedures.
External civilian review results in more charges against police officers being sustained
than internal review.
a. True
b. False
Frustration with the amount of time and effort it can take to get a warrant often tempts
police to avoid the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement.
a. True
b. False
Researchers recommend that officials:
a. present members in a lineup to the witness at the same time, standing together.
b. have the officer who arrested the suspect conduct the lineup.
c. present members of the lineup to the witness one at a time.
d. inform the witness that the suspect is one of the individuals they will be asked to
identify in the lineup.
The case of Michigan v. Sitz (1990) challenged the constitutionality of:
a. Stop and frisk
b. Frisk without a warrant
c. Courier profiles
d. DUI checkpoints
Which of the following is NOT a legitimate sentencing model?
a. Administrative Sentencing Model
b. Police Sentencing Model
c. Legislative Sentencing Model
d. Judicial Sentencing Model
The fundamental fairness doctrine of due process requires states to provide:
a. notice to defendants of the charges against them, an attorney at state expense if they
cannot afford one, and a hearing on the facts before conviction and punishment.
b. notice to defendants of the charges against them and hearing on the facts before
conviction and punishment.
c. a grand jury proceeding only.
d. notice to defendants of the charges against them, a grand jury proceeding, and a
hearing on the facts before conviction and punishment.
According to the Supreme Court in Chimel v. California, involving the search of a
house incident to an arrest for burglary of a coin shop:
a. it is not reasonable to search a person who is lawfully arrested.
b. it is not reasonable to search an entire house incident to a lawful arrest of someone
there.
c. the Fourth Amendment does not protect searches incident to lawful arrests.
d. police must always have search warrants to search persons.
Which of the following is NOT a show of authority seizure?
a. Setting up a roadblock
b. The presence of several officers
c. Flashing an emergency light
d. Following a pedestrian in a police car
Which of the following is NOT a suggestion for lineups by legislatures and law
enforcement agencies, based on psychological research?
a. Include police officers in the line-up.
b. Assess eyewitness confidence immediately after identification.
c. Present the suspect and the fillers sequentially rather than simultaneously.
d. Use a double blind procedure.
According to the Supreme Court’s decision in Miranda v. Arizona, custodial
interrogation is inherently coercive.
a. True
b. False
In experimental research to study eyewitness identification, researchers stage crimes
and question the unsuspecting witnesses about what they saw.
a. True
b. False
With the totality of circumstances approach, under certain circumstances, a court can
admit identification evidence even if the identification procedure was suggestive.
a. True
b. False
The Supreme Court in Ferguson v. City of Charleston (2001), involving state hospital
obstetric patients who were pregnant and arrested for child abuse after testing positive
for cocaine, decided that the:
a. warrantless, suspicionless, and nonconsensual searches violated the Fourth
Amendment.
b. searches do not violate the Fourth Amendment because the incidence of cocaine use
among pregnant women has created a special need.
c. searches do not violate the Fourth Amendment if doctors suspect the mother is using
cocaine.
d. searches violate the Fourth Amendment because they are conducted by health care
professionals and not law enforcement.
Which legal doctrine prohibits people from suing the government without its consent?
a. Qualified immunity
b. Absolute immunity
c. Official immunity
d. Sovereign immunity
The prohibition against double jeopardy is found in the:
a. Sixth Amendment.
b. Fifth Amendment.
c. due process clauses.
d. Eighth Amendment.
State the reasons for the bright-line rule regarding warnings to suspects adopted in
Miranda v. Arizona. Identify two circumstances that have to be present before officers
are required to give the Mirandawarnings. List three types of questioning when officers
do not have to give the Mirandawarnings.
Sneak and peek searches were first created by the Patriot Act.
a. True
b. False
Defendants may only plead nolo contenderewith permission of the court.
a. True
b. False
Six member juries satisfy the requirements of the Sixth Amendment.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following is NOT a requirement of obtaining a warrant to arrest a suspect
in his/her home?
a. A neutral magistrate
b. An affidavit
c. The name of the person to be arrested
d. The suspect’s criminal history
According to the broad view of habeas corpus, the 1867 Habeas Corpus Act authorizes
courts to review the entire state proceeding to determine if there was a violation of a
defendant’s constitutional rights.
a. True
b. False
The basic idea behind the due process approach to confessions is ________.
State and local governments are responsible for the torts of their employees, if the torts
are committed during the employees’ employment, under the doctrine of
_____________.
The right to counsel clause is found in the ________Amendment.
An opinion that agrees with the result of another opinion is a(n) ________opinion.
Identify and give an example of each of the two elements that determines whether
property is abandoned for Fourth Amendment purposes.
The identification procedure where a witness is shown multiple photographs is called
a(n) _________.
Lawsuits may be brought against the federal government for federal officials’
constitutional torts pursuant to the _________________.
_______is the right to be let alone from government invasions.
Discuss three suggested reforms aimed at reducing false confessions.
A panel of military officers with authority to try enemy combatants for war crimes is
a/an _________.
Give examples of who can consent to a search for someone else. Explain the difference
between actual and apparent authority to consent for another person.
Identify the nature and circumstances of the right to appeal a conviction.
The reasonableness of an arrest depends on the existence of probable cause and the
________in which the arrest is made.
Weeks v. U.S.gave birth to the ________in 1914.
When the defense agrees not to contest some of the facts of a case, they are said to
__________.
A crime arising out of the same facts in one state is not the same crime in another state,
for purposes of double jeopardy, according to the _______________doctrine.
The two elements to the scope of a reasonable stop are on the spot location of the
investigation and __________.
The “_______ of a _______” test defines police interrogation as any action or
words that police should know are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response
from the suspect.
Another name for the totality of circumstances test is the _________test.
Summarize the Bivens v. Six UnnamedFBIAgentscase, and explain its significance.