The chapter reported appeals to be rarely used with the exception of
a. celebrated cases and civil disputes
b. death row inmates and writ writers
c. habeas corpus petitions
d. due process challenges
The career criminal prosecution program in San Diego was characterized by
a. elimination of both plea bargains and split sentences
b. elimination of bail and restrictions on plea bargaining
c. continuity of prosecution and restrictions on plea bargaining
d. restrictions on split sentences and pretrial surveillance
One of the criticisms leveled against Zedlewski’s conclusions was that
a. He suggested that a reduction in crime produces a direct reduction in CJS costs
b. He only analyzed data on gross, but not selective incapacitation strategies
c. He was working for a liberal organization at the time of his research
d. He deliberately used incorrect statistical analyses to draw his conclusions
One concern about innovations in policing, such as the SMART program, is
a. implicit racial discrimination
b. the negative impact on the surrounding neighborhood
c. the continuity of reforms
d. the legality of these innovations
Critics of Ehrlich’s death penalty research assert that his formula
a. does not control of the variables that affect the murder rate
b. explains trends between the 1930s and 1960s but does not explain trends between the
1980s and 1990s
c. does not explain trends between the 1930s and 1960s when executions declined while
the crime rate declined or remained stable
d. cannot explain trends during the moratorium on the death penalty from 1972-1976
Programs known as __________ exposed juveniles to prison conditions in order to
provide direct evidence of the unpleasant consequences of criminal behavior.
a. Brutalization Experience
b. Magic Bullet
c. Scared Straight
d. Diversion
Liberal policy makers favor
a. Eliminating all deterrence-based policies
b. Crackdowns, for their deterrent effect
c. Explaining the results of crime to teens
d. Investing in social policies
Wolfgang’s birth cohort research found what percent of the original cohort had at least
one officially recorded contact with the police?
a. 6%
b. 16%
c. 35%
d. 95%
Diversion within the criminal justice system has encompassed
a. police not arresting an individual
b. treatment services
c. case dismissals
d. all of the above
The Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study and Scared Straight are examples of
a. the first evidence-based crime policies in the U.S.
b. well-intentioned treatment that can cause harm in the absence of research evidence
on effectiveness
c. punitive responses to crime stemming from increased crime rates of the 1960s
d. the interplay between contextual and policy factors in policy making
For which reason did the Midtown Community Court require sentenced offenders to
wear bright blue vests and perform their community service within 24 hours of being
sentenced?
a. to make justice visible and swift
b. to promote quick healing through restorative justice
c. to enhance the deterrent effect
d. all of the above
e. a & c only
The results of Rand’s second attempt at predicting career criminals were published in a
report entitled
a. Selective Incapacitation
b. Reducing the Prediction Problem
c. Why the High-Rate Offenders Are Hard to Predict
d. Delinquency in a Birth Cohort
Since the 1970’s, the racial disparity in people shot and killed by the police has
a. just about doubled
b. dropped by about half
c. been influence by distributive justice
d. not changed, despite efforts to end it
Regarding prevention and punishment
a. while prevention is appealing, our efforts should focus on punishment since the war
on crime cannot be won
b. soft drug treatment programs are unable to prevent crime as effectively as tough
sentencing policies such as the three-strikes law
c. prevention was a fad crime policy, and we need to stick with a healthy diet of
punishment
d. this is arguably a false dichotomy since all crime policies are designed to prevent
crime
The method of estimating annual offending rates in the Rand Inmates Survey was a
major advance over previous estimates because it relied on self-report data.
Which of the following justifications were provided for the claim that war is the wrong
metaphor for crime?
a. it raises unrealistic expectations for eliminating crime
b. it suggests we are fighting a foreign enemy
c. it leads to the demonization of criminals
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
The state of the economy, as reflected in the unemployment rate, has _________ on
criminal behavior.
a. negligible effects
b. direct implications
c. uneven results, depending on race,
d. statistically proven effects
Walker proposes that
a. crackdowns and tougher penalties are the most effective means for reducing drunk
driving and traffic fatalities
b. criminal law strategies have more promise for reducing drunk driving and traffic
fatalities
c. a combination of criminal law and alternative strategies can effectively reduce drunk
driving and traffic fatalities
d. drunk driving and fatalities cannot be reduced
Some say timing is everything. Wolfgang’s original study was published at a time when
a. the public was tired of getting tough and sought to prevent chronic offending
b. the public was eager to explore responses to crime that existed outside the CJS
c. crime rates had been rising and the public was disillusioned with liberal policies
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Which of the following terms is defined as a planned intervention that reduces an
offender’s further criminal activity?
a. rehabilitation
b. aging out
c. diversion
d. intermediate sanction
The first victims’ compensation law was passed in 1965 by
a. New York
b. Illinois
c. California
d. Florida
Policing strategies that involve careful planning, are data driven, and focus on particular
crimes, locations, and suspects are known as
a. COPS
b. COMPSTAT
c. Smart policing
d. Zero
Banning “Saturday night specials”
a. would require a federal law and intrusive enforcement procedures in order for it to be
effective
b. is one gun control strategy that both liberals and conservatives can agree on
c. will not accomplish what is intended due to their exaggerated role and the potential
for substitution effect
d. has already occurred in the majority of states but it is too soon to assess the impact of
this ban on crime
It is a myth to think that innocent drivers or bystanders are the typical victims of
alcohol related crashes when faced with evidence from the chapter that
a. 66% of people killed have at least three prior drunk driving arrests
b. 66% of people killed are drivers in other cars, some of whom were impaired by
alcohol
c. 66% of people killed are the drunk drivers themselves
d. innocent drivers or bystanders are the typical victims of alcohol related crashes
The extensive use of CCTV as a crime fighting tool is used where?
a. United States
b. England
c. Canada
d. France
Providing post-release services in the first six months after a prisoner’s release is known
as
a. feedback effect
b. proactive supervision
c. ecometrics
d. front-loading
An evaluation of the Rockefeller Drug law found that
a. Heroin dealers were deterred by the nation’s toughest drug law
b. due to the mandatory sentencing provisions truth in sentencing was achieved
c. slippage resulted in a decline of arrests leading to indictments and convictions
d. a diffusion of benefits reduced trafficking of cocaine and marijuana as well
Studies have found that respectful policing practices
a. are effective in low-crime neighborhoods, but have the reverse effect in high-crime
neighborhoods
b. have a strong impact on sentencing and trial proceedings
c. have a positive effect on peoples’ assessment of police legitimacy
d. have no discernible effect on peoples’ assessment of police legitimacy
The ____(1)______ is the civics-book picture of justice while the ____(2)______
portrays a chaotic CJS.
a. (1) old idealism (2) new cynicism
b. (1) liberal idealism (2) conservative idealism
c. (1) new cynicism (2) old idealism
d. (1) liberal cynicism (2) conservative cynicism
One of the key strategies of the Brady Law is
a. intensive enforcement of illegal carry laws
b. banning gun possession
c. mandatory sentences
d. background checks
The predicted effects of drug legalization depend on which strategy is proposed, but no
matter what policy is adopted the following questions arise
a. will we still be able to get tough with certain drug offenders?
b. would drug use and predatory crime increase or decrease?
c. would we criminalize tobacco use?
d. will we continue to see fewer teens using marijuana?
The new community focus on crime control
a. is a liberal crime control strategy
b. is a conservative crime control strategy
c. enjoys a strong consensus among criminologists
d. breeds extensive skepticism among criminologists
One criticism of Michelle Alexander’s ideas about crime policy and race is that
a. she gives too much credence to the gains of the civil rights movement
b. she embraces the conservative view while ignoring the liberal view
c. she unfairly blames minorities for their part in creating mass incarceration
d. she confuses the results of the war on crime with the intent of the great change in
U.S. imprisonment policy
The least expensive and least controversial type of drug treatment program is what?
a. therapeutic communities
b. outpatient drug-free programs
c. drug courts
d. faith-based treatment
Discuss the role that legitimacy plays in gaining compliance with the law.
Get-tough laws on crime like the one in Michigan are significantly influenced by the
going rate and the trickle-up phenomenon.
Identify the most influential factors in the success of the Boston Gun Project and
explain why such innovative programs can be difficult to replicate.
Scared Straight programs are designed to deter by provoking fear in order to make
crime seem more costly than beneficial to juveniles.
Describe the variance between different estimates of annual offending rates.
The Texas death row inmate study relied on the clinical evaluation method of
prediction.
Net widening brings more people under the umbrella of the criminal justice system.
Both liberals and conservatives acknowledge the influence of the family on the
likelihood that an individual will or will not commit crime.
The Brady Bill is a demand reduction strategy for guns.
Overall, the Nation’s Toughest Drug law had no significant effect on crime and drug
use.
Procedural justice reforms to improve legitimacy are not applicable to the prison
system.
Design an enhanced wedding cake model that demonstrates your understanding of the
type of cases within each layer and the factors used by the courtroom workgroup to
informally classify cases.
A victims’ rights clause has been added to the U.S. Constitution.
Restrictions on housing, employment opportunities, and civil disabilities adversely
affect those released from prison.
The insanity defense is considered a loophole because its successful use results in less
time confined in a mental hospital than comparable guilty offenders spend in prison.
The majority of Americans favor background checks for gun purchases and tough
criminal penalties for crimes committed with a gun.
Defend the argument that the Miranda warning has not reduced confessions.
Where you have lawfulness you always find legitimacy.
The most important source of people’s attitudes toward the CJS is the courts.