Conservatives embrace the _____(1)_____ model while liberals embrace the
_____(2)_____ model.
a. (1) due process (2) crime-control
b. (1) crime-control (2) due process
c. (1) community-focused (2) evidence-based
d. (1) evidence-based (2) community-focused
The real function of the GBMI verdict is that it is
a. cheaper to implement than NGRI
b. symbolic to appease public opinion
c. what the courtroom workgroup is doing
d. intended to reduce serious crime
One of the problems with boot camps is that
a. they are only cheaper in the short term and most offenders require long stays to
graduate
b. as many as half of the offenders in them fail to complete the program
c. offenders who successfully complete them have to repeat them if they join the
military
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
The reality of driving after drinking is that
a. it is limited to a few dangerous people
b. innocent bystanders are the typical victims of alcohol-related crashes
c. a small number of people with serious drinking problems and many arrests are
responsible for the majority of alcohol-related fatalities
d. drinking and driving is a routine part of a society where driving is universal and
drinking is an acceptable social custom
Select from the following list the item that is NOT a requirement of evidence-based
policy
a. intentions and instinct
b. empirical evidence of effectiveness
c. high quality research designs
d. replication of findings
A strategy for preventing crime that requires a prison sentence or specifies the least
amount of time that must be served is known as what?
a. mandatory sentencing
b. specific incapacitation
c. preventive detention
d. truth in sentencing
The liberation hypothesis refers to the liberation of
a. misdemeanor cases from the requirement of attorneys and trials
b. prosecutors and judges from conventional shared understandings of seriousness
c. prosecutors and judges from requirements of procedural law
d. modern courtroom workgroups from age old traditions
The effect of the 1996 Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act is difficult to
determine because
a. it limits the time between crime and punishment
b. it was repealed immediately because it negates the right to habeas corpus
c. capital punishment fell out of favor a few years after the law was passed
d. courtroom work groups chose to circumvent the law
Based on Martinson’s findings, what can we conclude about rehabilitation?
a. rehabilitation programs have no positive effects so they should not be funded
b. some programs work for some people but they depend on the conditions of delivery
c. failing rehabilitation programs caused crime rates to rise in the 1970s
d. we can draw no conclusions since there is no rigorous scientific research available
The Road Safety Act in England demonstrated
a. initial deterrence decay as there was a decline in traffic fatalities and injuries upon
implementation of the law that increased over time
b. a deterrence program based in fear that has a zero-tolerance policy for any traffic
infraction
c. the failure of interlock breathalyzer systems in cars
d. how access to public transportation reduces drinking and driving
The National Academy of Science’s report has shown
a. the death penalty has a strong deterrence effect on crime
b. the death penalty has moral and constitutional properties
c. there is no conclusive evidence on the deterrent effect of the death penalty
d. the death penalty affects the murder rate
A study of Ohio felony cases in the late 1980s found that victim impact statements were
submitted in __________ of the cases
a. none
b. few
c. half
d. most
Walker argues that three strikes laws
a. are a classic example of overreaction to celebrated cases
b. are arbitrary because they are not consistently implemented
c. do not reduce crime
d. all of the above
This deterrence type refers to a relative improvement over what we are currently
achieving
a. perceptual
b. structural
c. marginal
d. general
The trickle-up phenomenon refers to the tendency
a. for “get tough” strategies to affect less serious crimes to a greater extent
b. to get increasingly tougher in punishment strategies over time
c. for mandatory sentences to produce diminishing returns
d. for federal laws to encroach upon the protections offered by states
Select the most accurate statement regarding the different approaches to drug policy.
a. hawks believe drug policy is the problem while doves emphasize supply reduction
b. owls believe we should respond to drug abuse as a public health problem
c. most liberals favor hawk-type policies while conservatives favor owl-type policies
d. the radical dove approach is to legalize drugs while hawks emphasize supply
reduction
The crime policy of incapacitation
a. seeks to reduce crime by imprisoning offenders
b. seeks to reduce crime by imprisoning offenders and rehabilitating them
c. seeks to reduce crime by imprisoning offenders and seeks to specifically deter them
d. All of the above
e. none of the above
Regarding crime in America, select the most accurate statement
a. property crime is down, but violent crime has been rising steadily since the 1970s
b. both property and violent crime have been increasing steadily for two decades
c. both property and violent crime are at their lowest levels since 1993
d. no discernible trends can be determined using crime data from the last 10 years
Properly managed drug courts are set apart from other diversion programs due to
a. written criteria
b. initial and ongoing planning
c. access to various substance abuse treatment programs
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
People who engage in certain illicit behaviors that are most likely to respond to
information dissemination programs are
a. poor and desperate
b. prior offenders
c. fifth and sixth graders
d. successful and educated
Drug courts are an example of
a. faith-based treatment
b. intensive supervised probation
c. net widening
d. diversion
One of the consequences of our wars on crime and drugs has been
a. a reduction in the racial polarization of the U.S.
b. the U.S. maintaining the highest incarceration rate in the world
c. a massive reduction in the number of emergency room admissions reporting mention
of cocaine use
d. reduced fear of crime
Questions about chronic offenders that remain unanswered include
a. when do they begin their criminal careers and can we identify them early?
b. how much and what kinds of crime do career criminals commit?
c. how long do chronic offenders remain active and when do they stop?
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
One of the factors that contributed to the first bail reform movement was
a. the get tough mood
b. the great rise in serious crime
c. an innovative way to release defendants on their own recognizance (ROR)
d. research findings that defendants not released on bail were more likely to be
convicted and imprisoned
The three strikes law in California
a. Cost $6.5 billion to implement
b. disproportionately affected people convicted of non-violent offenses
c. reduced Index crimes below levels expected given the downward trend
d. all of the above
Select the most accurate statement from the following list.
a. criminal careers and career criminals are the same thing
b. the prevalence of criminality refers to the rate at which criminals commit crimes
c. persistence refers to the tendency for offenders to specialize in one type of crime
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
In assessing the deterrent effect of CCTV, it was most effective for
a. property crimes overall
b. violent crimes overall
c. property crimes in specific locations
d. violent crimes with significant others
The Rand Inmate Survey used which prediction method?
a. actuarial
b. prior history
c. clinical evaluation
d. all of the above
The key to solving crimes and making arrests is?
a. response time
b. media coverage
c. information on a specific suspect
d. detectives
Regarding the standard measure of the level of police protection
a. it is computed by dividing the annual number of crimes by the number of sworn
officers
b. the figure is meaningless because it does not tell us how departments utilize their
officers
c. the police/population ratio is consistent nationwide due to a federal mandate
d. research indicates that the larger number of sworn officers per 1,000 population, the
safer the city
Studies on domestic violence and burglary found that collective efficacy
a. Does not reduce crime in poor neighborhoods
b. Decreases following a crime event in a neighborhood
c. Increases following a crime event in a neighborhood
d. Lowers rates of both domestic violence and burglary
According to Walker, which of the following would be considered the most sensible
crime policy goal?
a. a series of different policies that produces a modest crime reduction
b. a moderately expensive policy that reduces crime by 15% in 5 years
c. a simple policy that produces quick and dramatic changes
d. Walker argues that a sensible crime policy goal is impossible to define
Increased drug interdiction efforts have resulted in
a. an increase in incarceration in the U.S.
b. a reduction in the number of drug arrests
c. a noticeable decrease in the worldwide production of drugs
d. no decrease in the worldwide production of drugs
The local legal culture is comprised of
a. police, courts, and corrections
b. adversaries, inquisitors, and administrators
c. the courtroom work group, going rate, and administrative decisions
d. prosecutors, defense attorneys, and judges
The conclusion that only 1% of all criminals go to prison is based on the __________
model that visually represents the flow of cases through the system.
a. wedding cake
b. Funnel
c. going rate
d. punitive
While ineffective crime policies may be expensive, they cannot actually cause harm.
Walker suggests that most of the time, the system operates in a chaotic and arbitrary
manner.
Victims’ rights laws include notification regarding bail, sentencing, and release from
prison.
Compare and contrast the four surveys used to measure the extent of the drug problem;
include in your reply weaknesses of each.
Discuss the effectiveness of criminal justice enforcement and alternative strategies for
reducing drunk driving and traffic fatalities.
Working together daily, the courtroom work group reaches a general consensus about
how different cases should be handled, which is known as the going rate.
Defend the argument that simply hiring more police will not reduce crime using
findings from the Kansas City and Newark studies.
Restorative justice sanctions seek to punish the offender and build a bond between the
victim and community.
According to the text, career criminal prosecution programs are an effective yet tough
strategy.
Explain the rationale behind various drug supply-reduction efforts.
Summarize the reasons why more police might not enhance the deterrent effect.
Show your understanding of the criminal justice law of thermodynamics by listing three
possible implications of it.
The majority of suspects in prior-relationship robbery cases are convicted.
The 2008 Heller ruling drastically changed the existing gun control laws in the U.S. by
finding that the ban on handgun possession in the home violates the Second
Amendment.
Victim service programs include domestic violence shelters, financial compensation for
victims, and witness assistance programs.
Provide the objectives of and assess the effectiveness of drug courts.
Research has uncovered extensive disagreement among members of the courtroom
work group in decisions regarding bail setting, plea bargaining, and presentence
investigations.
Abolishing parole is an effective crime reduction policy