One argument with regard to higher crime rates in some regions of the country points to
theinflux of immigrants.
a. True
b. False
CASE 3.2
Warden Smith supervises 2000 male inmates who are incarcerated for various
reasons, including murder, rape, robbery, drugs, theft, and arson. He meets with
every inmate who is sentenced to his prison to get an understanding of where each
inmate came from and how he can possible help each inmate to not return to his
institution once released.
Warden Smith has met with thousands of inmates who have come into his prison.He
firmly believes that the majority of people who commit crime do so because of social
structure theories.Which of the following is not considered a social structure theory?
a. Social disorganization
b. Social learning
c. Strain
d. Cultural deviance
Excuse defense ultimately rests on proving:
a. Presumption of guilt.
b. Lack of intent.
c. Existence of extenuating circumstances.
d. Lack of ability to commit the crime.
With whom do African American women police officers report having difficult
relationships?
a. African American women police officers
b. African American male police officers
c. White male police officers
d. Hispanic women police officers
In Graham v. Connor, the Supreme Court created a reasonableness standard for the use
of nondeadly force.
a. True
b. False
CASE 9.1
Martha “Shuffles” Hershey is arrested for soliciting prostitution from a minor, a
17-year-old male in her small beach resort villa and kidnapping (transportation of
a minor across state lines). Having paid the minor for sexual favors, she escorted
him across state lines. At the time, Martha was 47 years old and had two kids; her
husband had recently divorced her because of infidelity. Given this basic
information of the case, answer the following questions.
Assuming Ms. Hershey was found guilty and her lawyer appeals the ruling because of a
judicial misinterpretation of the law, which court would hear the appeal first?
a. Supreme Court
b. U.S. circuit court
c. U.S. court of last resort
d. U.S. court of petitions
In 2007, which was the first state to abolish the death penalty since it was reintroduced
in the United States in 1972?
a. West Virginia
b. Hawaii
c. New Jersey
d. Maine
That the death penalty does not violate the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution was
ruled in:
a. Bell v. South Carolina.
b. Gregg v. Georgia.
c. Garner v. Tennessee.
d. Furman v. Georgia.
______ theory is not a type of developmental theory.
a. Age-graded
b. Life course
c. Latent trait
d. Social strain
Often, large firms contribute the services of their newest members for legal aid to
indigent defendants, meaning that these defendants get more inexperienced and raw
lawyers handing cases that could mean life or death.
a. True
b. False
Age is inversely related to criminality.
a. True
b. False
Explain the nuances of the “no contest” plea.
Answer:Answers will vary.
CASE 6.1
Chief Williams is a newly hired police chief in the city of Middletown. He was
hired to implement changes in the police department. After five consecutive years
of increasing crime rates, low-level quality-of-life crimes seem to be on the rise. He
was brought in from an outside agency in the hope that he would restructure the
police department.
Chief Williams believes that the designated patrol areas need to be made smaller for the
patrolofficers. What are these designated patrol areas known as?
a. Quarters
b. Zones
c. Divisions
d. Beats
Which of the following is the practice that requires convicted criminals to spend a
portion of their sentence behind bars and the remainder in the community?
a. Community probation.
b. Split sentencing.
c. Surprise sentencing.
d. Electronic monitoring.
CASE 5.1
Danny is a new police recruit. He is amazed at the technology that is used at his
police department. His goal is to become a detective who works in the crime scene
investigation unit of his police department. Because of this goal, when he responds
to a call he pays particular attention to the technology used by his police
department.
One call that Danny responds to is a shooting in which the offender is believed to be
hiding ina vacant office building. What device are the officers using to detect whether
the suspect is actually hiding in this vacant office building?
a. Biometrics
b. Data mining
c. DNA testing
d. Thermal imagers
Which of the following is the determining factor in a successful defense of entrapment?
a. Whether a felony or misdemeanor was committed
b. The predisposition of the defendant
c. The subjective state of the officer
d. The corollary intent of the arresting officer
Which of the following is not legal grounds for a search warrant?
a. Testimony of an informant whose information can be partially verified by police
b. Testimony of a crime victim
c. A stand-alone telephone tip
d. Testimony of someone who has firsthand knowledge of the crime.
Which theory proposes the existence of a master criminal trait or propensity after birth?
a. Latent trait
b. Life course
c. Trajectory
d. Biochemical
Arrests and court appearances have been shown to be deterrents to chronic offending.
a. True
b. False
The belief that capital punishment creates an atmosphere that enhances, rather than
reduces, the level of violence in society is called:
a. The brutalization effect.
b. The butterfly effect.
c. The vehemence effect.
d. The pugnaciousness effect.
Aguilar v. Texas (1964) articulated a two-part test for issuing a warrant on theword of
an informant.
a. True
b. False
Police departments may reduce costs by hiring civilians to conduct administrative
supportduties.
a. True
b. False
Aerial flyover of a property does not constitute a search, according to the U.S.Supreme
Court.
a. True
b. False
Although heralded as a great liberal reform, modern scholars have come to view the
creation of early juvenile courts as merely a continuation of the struggle between the
rich and the poor.
a. True
b. False
CASE 15.2
Keith Reed, a 15-year-old white male with no prior arrests is brought in for
questioning for larceny of several hundred dollars worth of computer parts from a
warehouse in downtown Cincinnati. Using this information, walk Mr. Reed
through the juvenile court system.
Given the nature of the case, the decision whether to file charges in criminal court and
waive the juvenile is placed in the hands of the prosecutor. This is called:
a. Direct file waiver.
b. Prosecutorial waiver.
c. Adjunct waiver.
d. Reverse waiver.
The first American jail was built in which city in the early seventeenth century?
a. James City
b. New York
c. Boston
d. Pittsburgh
To what can the criminal justice process be compared?
a. Catapult
b. Funnel
c. Slingshot
d. Spiral
In the case of United States v. Knights, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the warrantless
search of a probationer’s home for the purpose of gathering criminal information.
a. True
b. False
Of the approximately 10,000 persons convicted each year on homicide charges, only
250 to 300 are sentenced to death, while an equal number receive probation or
community supervision only.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following is a correctional policy that stipulates that prisons are meant to
punish, not coddle, inmates?
a. No frills policy
b. Hard-hitting corrections
c. Robust rehabilitation
d. Stringent sentencing
While on patrol, Jerry receives a call regarding a domestic disturbancea fight between a
husband and wife. By the time Jerry arrives at the scene of the disturbance, things have
calmed considerably, and he decides to merely warn the parties rather than take any
further action. Which type of discretionary factor is best represented in this
circumstance?
a. Crime factor
b. Victim factor
c. Environmental factor
d. Departmental factor
Nearly half the women released from prison are either reconvicted or re-incarcerated
soon after their release on parole.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following was not one of the models of adaptation that Robert Merton
produced as part of his explanation of how anomie can lead to crime?
a. Innovation
b. Rebellion
c. Retreatism
d. Toughness
According to the text, burglary and robbery are commonly confused. Define both
crimes andexplain the difference with examples of each offense type.
Answer:Answers will vary.
While not everyone agrees that ________________ is an actual medical condition, it
has been listed as the cause of death in some situations, particularly when the suspect
was determined to be under the influence of stimulants.
Suppose a police officer becomes involved in a shootout with a suspect. If thesuspect
retreats into his house, the officer is allowed to enter the house without a warrant based
onthe concept of _______________________.
Provisions of legal services to indigent defendants by private attorneys under contract
to the state or county are known as a __________________.
Explain why some criminologists believe that there is likely to be a convergence in
male andfemale offending.
Answer:Answers will vary.
_________________ is a crime control approach that seeks to instill fear of criminal
penalties in the public.
A correctional facility designed to hold convicted felons while they serve their criminal
sentence is called a ______________________.
A _______ is a mechanism to exchange information and intelligence,
maximizeresources, streamline operations, and improve the ability to fight crime and
terrorism.
A formal intelligence-sharing initiative that identified security and intelligence-sharing
needsin the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks is the _____________________.
Since 2000, police agencies have been investing more in _______________-based
practice,in order to increase efficiency, and “do more with less.”
Which theory do you believe best explains the majority of criminal behavior, and why.
Answer:Answers will vary.
____________________ refers to the process of creating an administrative recordof an
arrest.
A ________________ is lower than a felony and is generally punishable by a fine or
imprisonment in other than a penitentiary.
There are four levels of classification for prisons: minimum, medium, maximum, and
_______________ security.
Review the legal aspects of the exclusionary rule, limitations that began to beapplied to
it in the 1980s, and its future. Do you believe the exclusionary rule plays an
importantrole in the U.S. criminal justice system? Why, or why not?
Answer:Answers will vary.
____________ is a sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender
into the community under the supervision of the courts; it is subject to certain
conditions.
__________________ is determined by whether a police officer has
objective,reasonable, and reliable information, based on fact that the person under
investigation hascommitted or was committing an offense.
A _______________ may occur when a state institution fails to enforce a law.
Explain how plea bargaining is beneficial to the both the prosecution and the defendant.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Placing a suspect in a group of people for the purpose of being viewed andidentified by
potential witnesses is referred to as a _________________