The fear of crime is fed by
a. television.
b. news media.
c. personal communication in social networks.
d. All of the above feed the fear of crime.
Layer 4 of the criminal justice wedding cake model consists of misdemeanors.
a. True
b. False
Some communities may prefer that prosecutors not pursue punishment for crimes such
as prostitution or gambling.
a. True
b. False
________ courts have been suggested as a method of assessing ex-inmates’ adjustment
back into society:
a. Recidivism
b. Parole
c. Reentry
d. Release
The process in which members learn the symbols, beliefs, and values of a group is
called
a. working personality.
b. spiritualization.
c. socialization.
d. isolation.
Historically associated with images of certain ethnic groups, ______ crime is a
framework of the perpetration of such criminal acts as gambling, drugs, and
prostitution.
a. political
b. victimless
c. visible
d. organized
Defendants might have the option to choose a bench trial depending on the state in
which they reside.
a. True
b. False
New York City created the Commission to Combat Police Corruption that is an entity
separate from the department that investigates corruption.
a. True
b. False
Police officers must provide Miranda warnings if they approach someone on the street
and begin questioning.
a. True
b. False
Jeff frequently visits the local bar on his way home from his second shift factory job.
He and his coworkers often have a beer or two before going home in night. Jeff and his
friends are anxious to arrive to the bar on this particular night because his favorite NFL
team was playing. He hopes they will arrive to view the fourth quarter of the game. As
he enters the bar, he notes a group of noisy, obnoxious rival fans that have had too many
drinks. Jeff asks the group to quiet down so he can hear the game. He is immediately
approached by the members of the group asking if they want to make an issue of the
game. Before Jeff can answer, one member of the group throws a punch. Within
minutes, a full bar brawl gets ensued. Jeff ends up with a fractured skull, which results
in brain damage.
This was Jeff’s first ever problem at the bar. Which of the following would therefore
apply to Jeff’s situation?
a. patron aggression.
b. victimization
c. situational victimization.
d. revictimization
Christian is a 20-year-old African American male. He plays football for a Division I
college and has a 4.0 GPA. Christian hopes to enter dental school at the completion of
his undergraduate studies. Walking home late at night from the gym, campus security
comes up behind him and demands to know what he is doing. Christian states that he is
on his way back to his dorm. Campus security places him in handcuffs and says that he
is under arrest for breaking and entering due to a recent report of a break-in with a
suspect matching his description. Christian does not resist this arrest and hopes he can
clarify the facts once they are at the station.
Unfortunately, African American males are often treated differently by the criminal
justice system. In Christian’s case, his arrest would be considered
a. racism.
b. racial profiling.
c. discrimination.
d. a disparity.
The percentage of incarcerated drug offenders has increased significantly in the past 20
years.
a. True
b. False
Prisoners who view their prison term as a brief, inevitable break in their criminal
careers and simply a cost of doing business are
a. gleaning.
b. jailing.
c. living by the inmate code.
d. doing time.
Sentencing decisions are most often based on specific formulas.
a. True
b. False
A police officer would likely need a warrant for searches not conducted in plain view.
a. True
b. False
Pretrial detention can be a very troubling experience for the defendant.
a. True
b. False
Police departments typically have several divisions and bureaus and this arrangement is
referred to as bifurcation.
a. True
b. False
All police departments have equipment to perform DNA analysis.
a. True
b. False
The public’s attitudes towards drugs and budgetary concerns has led to a
reconsideration of the drug policies by government officials.
a. True
b. False
Federal sentencing guidelines punish users of crack cocaine about 100 times more
harshly than users of powder cocaine. This fact reflects which of the textbook’s
explanations for racial disparities?
a. Racial insensitivity and unequal treatment in society can shape criminal justice
policy.
b. Crack cocaine is more harmful to society than powder cocaine.
c. Few people are arrested for using powder cocaine.
d. The effects of powder cocaine are not as strong as those of crack cocaine.
What two things must a theory explain if it does a good job of explaining gender
differences in offending?
a. The gender gap, and the differences in types of offenses committed by men and
women
b. The fact that women are more criminal than men, and also commit more serious
crimes
c. The role of victimization in offending, and the disparate treatment of minority
offenders
d. The income inequality between men and women, and the fact that women are more
likely to live with their children
In a workgroup, the participants share the same duties and responsibilities.
a. True
b. False
The temporary release of an inmate from a correctional institution for a visit home is
called
a. a pardon.
b. clemency.
c. a furlough.
d. a halfway visit.
Police officers need to obtain a warrant before searching the trunk of a car.
a. True
b. False
A determinate sentence means that the defendant determines his or her own punishment
with the assistance of a counselor.
a. True
b. False
Which is not one of the issues that critics state have been caused by intermediate
sanctions?
a. Wider nets
b. Empty nets
c. Stronger nets
d. Different nets
The political policing era relied heavily on patronage.
a. True
b. False
The substantial majority of cases go to trial.
a. True
b. False
________ theory, a type of social process theory, stresses that social links keep people
in line with accepted norms.
a. Labeling
b. Learning
c. Control
d. Normal
In 1982, President Ronald Reagan’s declaration against drugs was referred to as the
a. “Attack on Drugs”
b. “War on Drugs”
c. “Battle against Drugs”
d. “Crusade against Drugs”
In most cases involving plea bargains and dismissals, defense attorneys are more like a
cooperating partner and less like an all-out adversary to a prosecutor.
a. True
b. False
_____ is the transmission of sexually explicit information over the Internet.
A request to a higher court to review actions taken in a completed trial is called a(n)
______.
Designed for first-time felons aged 16 to 30, the approach at Elmira incorporated a(n)
_____ of classification, indeterminate sentencing, and parole.
Explain the Miranda warnings and what the significance is behind the use of the
warnings in interrogations.
What is the significance of the presentence report to the defendant who is in the
sentencing phase of his or her trial?
Identify and discuss the justice system’s responses to the needs of crime victims.
Discuss the issues that influence the difficulty of recruiting correctional officers.
The _____ Amendment states that the accused are entitled to a speedy and fair trial.
Individuals’ ____________ is a standard developed for determining whether a
government intrusion of a person or property constitutes a search because it interferes
with individual interests that are normally protected from government intrusion.
A(n) _____ fixes the term of imprisonment at a specific period of time.
Discuss why the terms used to refer to juvenile offenders were changed and if this
change impacted juveniles (from arrest to referral, from sentence to disposition, etc.).
The ________ model seeks to determine whether there is enough evidence to serve as a
basis for prosecution.
Boot camps are administered in the _____.
In the U.S. Supreme Court case of ________, it was decided that prosecutors must
fulfill their promises in regard to plea bargains.
The act of committing a crime is referred to as ____________________.