The percentage of former prisoners who are rearrested for a similar offense is called
a. return offender.
b. recriminalization.
c. recidivism.
d. redundancy.
Criminal justice in the United States is highly decentralized.
a. True
b. False
Which is not true concerning plea bargaining?
a. Plea bargaining leads to expedited disposal of most criminal cases.
b. Plea bargaining reduces the amount of time that released suspects spend free on bail.
c. Plea bargaining reduces the amount of time that pretrial detainees must spend in jail.
d. Offenders who plead guilty to serious charges must wait longer to be enrolled in
prison counseling, training, and educational programs.
Which of the following is true regarding presentence reports?
a. They are scientific.
b. They avoid stereotypes.
c. They ease the strain of decision making for a judge.
d. They are prepared by the prosecutor.
Female prisoners have higher levels of violence than male prisoners.
a. True
b. False
Jenna works for the Innocence Project. She is currently working on a case where her
client states that she was wrongly convicted. Jenna has been reviewing the court
transcripts and has determined that the prosecutor seems to have withheld information
that was pertinent to the case. Jenna’s client was given a 20-year sentence for murder.
She has reduced that sentence by participating in programs and through her positive
behavior while incarcerated.
If Jenna’s client had been eligible for parole, then she was most likely sentenced under
_________ sentencing.
a. indeterminate
b. determinate
c. presumptive
d. mandatory
The prosecutor’s complex occurs when prosecutors push to close each case with a
conviction and lack the ability to objectively evaluate whether the evidence truly shows
the defendant is guilty.
a. True
b. False
The number of probationers currently under supervision has reached a record
a. low and is decreasing.
b. high and is increasing.
c. low, but is slowly starting to increase.
d. high, but is starting to decrease.
Which unit in a police department receives and investigates complaints against officers?
a. Vice
b. Citizen Review Committee
c. Internal Affairs
d. Ethics Violations Department
Megan is a probation officer who has recently been assigned a client who will need
much closer monitoring than her coworkers’ clients. Her client was sentenced to 6 years
of probation based upon manufacturing methamphetamine with intent to distribute. The
client has conditions to his probation, including a period of time that he must spend in
his home as well as a repayment plan for damage to the property that occurred during
the manufacturing process. Megan’s client’s biggest obstacle to successful of probation
is the home environment in which the client lives.
Megan, most likely, has a small caseload. Her caseload consists of how many clients?
a. Less than 20
b. 21-60
c. 61-80
d. 81-100
Visible crimes are typically committed by older career criminals in their 40s.
a. True
b. False
The idea that children should be treated differently than adults originated in the
common law and courts of England.
a. True
b. False
Jodi is serving a 5-year sentence for assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill.
She is incarcerated in the only institution for females in the state. Jodi feels as though
her constitutional rights have been trampled on several times, especially when they
search her cell. Jodi feels that the correctional officers do not treat the inmates properly,
and she has had enough. She plans to attempt to file a lawsuit.
Jodi is most likely serving her sentence in which of the following facilities?
a. State prison
b. Federal prison
c. Jail
d. Immigration court
Which of the following is more closely linked to the exposure to crime?
a. Having a higher income
b. Living in a rural area
c. Living in a suburban area
d. Living in a city
Discretionary release affects other aspects of the system, including sentencing, plea
bargaining, and the size of prison populations.
a. True
b. False
Wilson and Herrnstein’s book Crime and Human Nature (1985) argued that certain
biological factors such as sex, age, body type, and intelligence predispose some people
to crime.
a. True
b. False
Fear of crime is the greatest in urban areas.
a. True
b. False
Prosecutors are being ‘soft on crime” when they engage in plea bargains.
a. True
b. False
The concept of dividing power between the central (national) government and regional
(state) governments is called
a. confederacy.
b. federalism.
c. constitutionality.
d. political system.
Jenna works for the Innocence Project. She is currently working on a case where her
client states that she was wrongly convicted. Jenna has been reviewing the court
transcripts and has determined that the prosecutor seems to have withheld information
that was pertinent to the case. Jenna’s client was given a 20-year sentence for murder.
She has reduced that sentence by participating in programs and through her positive
behavior while incarcerated.
A tornado devastated the local town andJenna’s client went to assist in the recovery. As
a result the client received a reduction in her sentence. This is referred to as
a. good time.
b. earned time.
c. mandatory sentencing.
d. sanctions.
When a group shares symbols, beliefs, and attitudes, this is referred to as
a. a subculture.
b. a subcommunity.
c. a suboccupation.
d. subprofessionals.
The U.S. Supreme Court established that criminal defendants must be read their rights
in
a. Mapp v. Ohio (1961).
b. Terry v. Ohio (1968).
c. Chimel v. California (1969).
d. Miranda v. Arizona (1966).
Plea bargaining continued to occur in Tennessee even after it was banned.
a. True
b. False
In a democracy, it is easy to maintain public order and protect individual freedom.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following occurs when officers lie to provide an alibi for fellow officers
engaged in unlawful activity?
a. Premeditated theft
b. Profiling
c. Prejudice
d. Perjury
Positivist criminologists believe that science can be used to discover the causes of crime
and to treat deviants.
a. True
b. False
Sexting is a status crime.
a. True
b. False
Laws regulating disorderly conduct deal with clear-cut situations.
a. True
b. False
As __________, all judges must deal with political actors such as county
commissioners, legislators, and members of the state executive bureaucracy.
a. negotiators
b. adjudicators
c. administrators
d. enforcers
Preliminary hearings provide an opportunity for defense attorneys to challenge the
prosecution’s evidence and make ________ to the court requesting that an order be
issued to bring about a specified action.
a. objections
b. rulings
c. motions
d. sentences
Judges are part of the local legal culture.
a. True
b. False
An example of a political crime is
a. prostitution.
b. espionage.
c. selling illegal narcotics.
d. price fixing.
Slate recently received evidence, from discovery,regarding his client who is awaiting
trial for armed robbery and attempted murder. There are two eye witness accounts, both
of which identify Slate’s client. There is also the weapon used in the crime and gunshot
shells. Slates is convinced his client is going to have a long trial ahead of him.
The gun and shells that were recovered at the crime scene in Slate’s case would be
considered what type of evidence?
a. Real evidence
b. Demonstrative evidence
c. Direct evidence
d. Circumstantial evidence
Nolle prosequi refers to the:
a. decision of the prosecutor to drop a case.
b. process of determining probable cause.
c. questioning of a jury in a criminal case.
d. power of the prosecutor to bring charges.
Provisions in the law outlining the consequences for the guilty is called ________.
The two most important elements of the police officer’sworking personality are
____________________ and ____________________.
In a(n) ___________ election, judges are openly endorsed by political parties.
Departments may determine ________ by determining how many citations an officer
writes or the particular clearance rate.
Discuss the impacts of crime on society.
An institution for young offenders emphasizing training is called a(n) ______.
How did the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Plataimpact the constitutional
rights of prisoners?
Why would a probation officer elect not to try to revoke a probationer’s probation if he
or she has had a technical violation. Discuss the ethics of this decision.
What is the future of corrections? What can we do to prepare for this new horizon? Will
we see new crimes? New prison construction?
In Kennedy v. Louisiana, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty cannot be
applied to cases involving child rape. Did the court make the right decision? Why or
why not?
In _____, the Supreme Court ruled defendants have the right to withdraw a plea if there
is a just and fair reason to do so.
The _____ process is a major factor in delaying executions.
British police officers were called ____________________ after Sir Robert Peel.
Describe the main functions of police patrol, investigation, and special operations units.
Explain the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule.
Discuss how a prison is organized.