The Federal Sentencing Guidelines have been the subject of recent Supreme Court
rulings, which have:
a. upheld their legality
b. denied the use of the guidelines only when based on evidence not proven in court
c. required the prosecutor to not use enhanced sentence provisions
d. ruled that judges must have the ability to use some discretion in sentencing
A shadow jury is a:
a. panel of people selected by the press that observes the trial and provides feedback to
the press
b. panel of people selected by the defense attorney that observes the trial and provides
feedback to the attorney
c. panel of people selected by the prosecutor that observes the trial and provides
feedback to the prosecutor
d. panel of people selected by the judge that observes the trial and provides feedback to
the judge
Assume that Sam accepted the judge’s offer to enter into a mediation process, where he
and the family he stole from arrived at a mutual solution. As a result, Sam will provide
$500 worth of yard work and is responsible for getting the door repaired. This sentence
is consistent with the idea of:
a. restorative justice
b. retributive justice
c. deterrence
d. ethics of care
Which of the following is not included in Barker and Carter’s typology of lies?
a. Accepted Lies
b. Deviant Lies
c. Normative Lies
d. Tolerated Lies
According to Klockars, lying to a mentally ill person by telling him/her that the police
will take care of laser beams from Mars is an example of:
a. blue lies
b. deviant lies
c. police placebos
d. tolerated lies
The peacemaking process is composed of three parts: connectedness, caring, and:
a. Respect
b. Mindfulness
c. Fairness
d. Equity
According to Barker and Carter, unlawful searchers or seizures are examples of which
of the following types of abuse?
a. physical abuse
b. psychological abuse
c. legal abuse
d. sexual abuse
Souryal refers to acts that violate authority as:
a. acts of malfeasance
b. acts of nonfeasance
c. acts of unfeasance
d. acts of feasance
Which of the following individuals added a “care perspective” to Kohlberg’s theory?
a. Jean Piaget
b. Albert Bandura
c. Carol Gilligan
d. Jackson Flanagan
The officer’s perception of correct behavior and his “moral duty” is based on his ethical
system. This in known as:
a. professional ethics
b. normative ethics
c. superogative duty
d. imperfect duty
Giving to charity or volunteering are examples of:
a. enlightened egoism
b. altruistic egoism
c. psychological egoism
d. religious egoism
Pro bono legal services means:
a. services one provides for one’s self (serving as one’s own lawyer)
b. services provided for the benefit of society rather than one person
c. services provided free of charge
d. services provided by someone who is not a bar-approved attorney
Confirmatory bias refers to:
a. when a specific suspect has been fixated upon and other possibilities are ignored
b. when it is confirmed that the prosecution is biased against the suspect
c. when a confirmation of racial bias is pending
d. none of these describe the concept
Another officer, a veteran, sees that you have retrieved dental floss and asks what you
intend to do with it. After you explain, he warns that it is not a good idea. Sometimes a
seemingly innocent request to break the rules turns out to just be the start, and once you
have broken the rules, the inmate has something to hold over you. This can lead to more
and more problematic requests and demands. This process is known as:
a. slippery slope
b. officer accommodation
c. cycle of obligation
d. reciprocity
A permissive retribution:
a. demands that one who is guilty ought to be punished
b. allows that one who is guilty may be punished
c. dictates that one who is not guilty must not be punished for a crime
d. does not allow for atonement
Boss described unjust laws as having several characteristics. Which of the following is
not one of these characteristics?
a. they are degrading to humans
b. they are discriminatory against certain groups
c. they are universal
d. they are unjustly applied
According to the text, explanations of corruption include all of the following except:
a. individual explanations
b. institutional explanations
c. sub-cultural explanations
d. systemic explanations
A negative retribution:
a. demands that one who is guilty ought to be punished
b. allows that one who is guilty may be punished
c. dictates that one who is not guilty must not be punished for a crime
d. does not allow for atonement
____________________ can be defined as the individual’s feelings of competence, and
this sense is developed by comparing the self to others.
a. Cognitive dissonance
b. Self-efficacy
c. Euphemistic morality
d. Self-adequacy
Which of the following statements about the principle of forfeiture is false?
a. It holds that people who treat others as means to an end forfeit the right to protection
of their own freedom and well-being
b. It holds that people who aggress forfeit their own right to be protected from harm
c. It holds that self-defense is morally unacceptable
d. It holds that lying to a person who threatens harm is acceptable
In Shaffer and Cochran’s typology, the hired gun:
a. engages the client in moral dialogue and tries to convince client of proper course of
action
b. controls the client with his own moral compass as guide
c. promotes clients’ interest above all others
d. does what the client wants
Harris’ “preventive policing” model includes:
a. the concepts of community policing, problem-oriented policing, and accountability
mechanisms
b. the concepts of community policy and the practices of crime control policing
c. the concepts of problem-oriented policing, and counter-terrorism efforts
d. the concepts of accountability mechanisms and counter-terrorism efforts
In studies of sexual harassment, what percent of female officers reported being
victimized?
a. 30 percent
b. 70 percent
c. 10 percent
d. 50 percent
Which approach to determine entrapment has the U.S. Supreme Court endorsed?
a. the objective approach
b. the subjective approach
c. the combined approach
d. the U.S. Supreme Court has not endorsed any approach as of yet
You try to convince opponents to support your proposed law by pointing out that
injuries from car accidents are costly to society, especially when victims’ insurance does
not cover the medical care they require. Sometimes it is the job of government and the
law to do what is best for the overall society, even if it might mean inconveniencing
some individuals. Your description is an example of:
a. ethical formalism
b. utilitarianism
c. legal moralism
d. legal paternalism
Which of the following is not one of the five steps necessary to clarify any dilemma
presented in your text?
a. identify of potential values involved
b. review all the facts
c. identify all possible moral dilemmas
d. seek the advice of moral or ethical judges
The practice of stopping motorists who meet the profile for a minor infraction, with the
hope of catching some in possession of methamphetamine, is known as:
a. proactive investigation
b. reactive investigation
c. pretext stop
d. Terry stop
Examples of restorative justice process include all of the following except:
a. family group counseling
b. victim-offender mediation
c. sentencing circles
d. voluntary group counseling
In _______________________, the Supreme Court held that the prosecution must
share any exculpatory information with the defense that is material to the case.
a. Bartley v. Montana
b. Brown v. Mississippi
c. Brady v. Maryland
d. Nix v. New Jersey
The motions demanding the prosecutor reveal exculpatory information are called?
a. Brady motions
b. Exculpatory motions
c. Garrow motions
d. MRE’s
Interpretationists argue that the Constitution:
a. should be implemented as written
b. should be abolished altogether
c. is meant to be a living document
d. is meant to be all-inclusive
The conditions described in the complaints constitute a:
a. “trickle-down” abuse
b. hostile work environment
c. systemic abuse
d. misfeasance
In order for scientific evidence to be entered into a criminal trial, it must meet the
____________ standard in most states.
___________________ defines moral duties based on ethical systems..
Explain the public servant role and the crime fighter role and why the two may be
inconsistent.
Answer:answer not provided
What are the three basic approaches used to explain human behavior? Explain each.
Answer:answer not provided
List and discuss the major justifications for law presented in the text.
Answer:answer not provided
________________ is the right, inherent in a role, to use any means to overcome
resistance.
______________________ is concerned with punishments and sanctions.
Albert Bandura is best-known for his theories regarding the biological factors that
influence one’s moral development.
What are the two main areas of judicial discretion described in the text? Give examples.
Answer:answer not provided
Compare the potential conflicts of interest for defense attorney and those of
prosecutors.
Answer:answer not provided
The term ______________ refers to the power to make a decision or choice.
An FBI operation known as Operation _________________ resulted in indictments
against correctional officers who smuggled cocaine into prisons.
Describe Wilson and Brown’s typologies of police and explain how each might perceive
the role of discretion.
Answer:answer not provided
An employee who reveals unethical behavior in an organization is known as a
whistleblower.
Explain some of the reasons why an innocent suspect might confess to a crime.
Answer:answer not provided