1
Two countries that score similarly across all four Hofstede measures are
(A)
Sweden and France
(B)
Chile and Mexico
(C)
Britain and the United States
(D)
India and Israel
2
Kenneth Cole, a British citizen, traveled to Egypt for a meeting with his company’s major
supplier in Cairo. His supplier was thirty minutes late for the meeting and did not apologize
or give an excuse. During the meeting, the supplier was interrupted several times by his
employees. This shocked Mr. Cole because in Britain, businesspeople are expected to be
punctual and focused, undertaking one activity at a time. Mr. Cole is from a ________
culture and his supplier
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
3
Jay Anderson, Vice President of Marketing for the American company, Helshire Electronics,
goes to Brazil to visit his subsidiary manager there. His manager picks him up forty-five
minutes late at the airport and does not apologize or give an excuse. During the ride back
to the office, he alternates asking Jay questions about his personal life and about company-
related issues. When they arrive at the office, their conversation is constantly interrupted
because several of th
(A)
matrix
(B)
monochronic
(C)
polychronic
(D)
tempus fugit
4
A Mexican manufacturer notes that as soon as his employees make enough money for the
week, they stopped coming to work. In Mexico, life is enjoyed for the moment. The
________ is oriented to the present in Mexico.
(A)
chronic focus
(B)
tempus fugit
(C)
temporal orientation
(D)
None of the above
5
When Israel and Egypt signed a peace treaty 30 years ago, it ended a war that had been
going on nearly 30 years. In 2005, Israeli firms have barely begun to penetrate the
Egyptian market. Egyptian consumers, distributors, potential partners, and government
officials are still highly aware of the 30 years of war that preceded the peace. This is
because Egypt is a _______ culture.
(A)
past temporally oriented
(B)
present temporally oriented
(C)
future temporally oriented
(D)
None of the above
6
On Hofstede’s individualism scale, Japan scores a 46 and South Korea scores an 18. Based
on this data, which of the following is a true statement?
(A)
Japan is a more individualistic society than South Korea.
(B)
Japan is a more collectivistic society than South Korea.
(C)
Japan is a low power distance society.
(D)
The information is inconclusive because Hofstede measures cannot be compared.
7
In Malaysia, children are expected to be obedient to their parents, and respect for parents
is considered a very important virtue. In the workplace, subordinates are very dependent
on their bosses and are not comfortable confronting or contradicting them. This description
reveals that Malaysia is a __________ society.
(A)
masculine
(B)
low uncertainty avoidant
(C)
high power distance
(D)
None of the above
8
In Israel, children learn to say no at a young age and are encouraged to attain personal
independence from the family. In the workplace, subordinates are not very dependent on
their bosses and are typically comfortable approaching them or contradicting them. This
description reveals that Israel is a ________________ society.
(A)
feminine
(B)
high uncertainty avoidant
(C)
low power distance
(D)
None of the above
9
The United States is a(n) ___________ society but most of the world is comprised of
_____________ societies.
(A)
individualist; collectivist
(B)
collectivist; differentiated
(C)
individualist; differentiated
(D)
collectivist; individualist
10
Salespeople from ________ cultures who travel to __________ cultures should expect to
be kept waiting and should not interpret their client’s tardiness as a lack of interest or
disrespect.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
11
In the United States, activities are undertaken one at a time. People generally respect
schedules and agendas. The United States is a __________ culture.
(A)
sequential
(B)
hour-based
(C)
monochronic
(D)
polychronic
12
In high-context cultures,
(A)
communication is explicit
(B)
words tend to keep the same meanings in all situations
(C)
communication is implicit
(D)
None of the above
13
Which of the following is not true about affective cultures?
(A)
Speakers express emotion loudly
(B)
Speakers appear inscrutable
(C)
Speakers gesticulate
(D)
Speakers can unnerve people from neutral cultures
14
Which Asian country has a halal certification agency?
(A)
Indonesia
(B)
Malaysia
(C)
Singapore
(D)
All of the above
15
Latin American culture is
(A)
increasingly polychronic in work situations
(B)
increasingly monochronic in work situations
(C)
increasingly past oriented in work situations
(D)
increasingly feminine in work situations
16
Eating habits and tastes vary greatly around the world, but few of these variations reflect
physiological differences among people. This is because eating habits are often shaped by
______________.
(A)
culture
(B)
political economy
(C)
genetics
(D)
None of the above
17
Tea is preferred in certain cultures; in other cultures coffee is the drink of choice. In some
countries, white is the color worn at a funeral, but in other countries, black is commonly
worn. In Turkey, cheese, tomatoes, cucumbers, and olives are common for breakfast, but
cereal, milk, and juice are more common in the United States. These normative differences
are due to cross-national differences in ___________.
(A)
culture
(B)
political economy
(C)
genetics
(D)
None of the above
18
In China, Saudi Arabia, and southern Italy, interpersonal trust is extended only to
immediate family members. Most businesses in these countries are family-owned firms.
These are ______ societies.
(A)
Confucian
(B)
low trust
(C)
matrix
(D)
high trust
19
In Germany, Japan, and the United States, trust is readily extended beyond the immediate
family. These countries have a history of voluntary associations—civic, religious, and
business—that extend beyond the family. Large, publicly owned corporations play a major
role in their economies. These are _______ societies.
(A)
high trust
(B)
low trust
(C)
matrix
(D)
Triandis
20
In Guatemala, the good of the group prevails over the good of the individual. From birth,
individuals are integrated into strong, cohesive groups and are identified in terms of their
group allegiance and their group role. Group members are expected to take care of one
another and follow group norms to avoid deviating from the group in opinions and
behavior. This description reveals that Guatemala is a(n) _________ society.
(A)
collectivist
(B)
high uncertainty avoidant
(C)
individualist
(D)
feminine
21
A manager is sent to Saudi Arabia to establish business relations. He discovers that it is
difficult to establish a trusted relationship with his potential client. After a long time, the
potential Saudi client agrees to do business with the firm, but only if the manager who
originally established the relationship stays and manages the relationship. One of the
reasons that this has transpired is that Saudi Arabia is a ___________ society.
(A)
masculine
(B)
low power distance
(C)
matrix
(D)
collectivist
22
In the United Kingdom, outsiders are generally welcomed. From birth, children are taught
to become independent of their family, are encouraged to improve themselves as
individuals, and are expected to attain resources for themselves. This description reveals
that the United Kingdom is a(n) ________ society.
(A)
collectivist
(B)
high uncertainty avoidant
(C)
individualist
(D)
feminine
23
In many Asian cultures, the display of emotion is discouraged. This is because many Asian
cultures are _________cultures.
(A)
masculine
(B)
affective
(C)
feminine
(D)
neutral
24
When the Belgian company, Interbrew, acquired 50 percent of Korea’s Oriental Brewing
company, the Belgian managers insisted that the Korean staff speak their minds, even if it
meant disagreeing with their Belgian bosses. The Korean staff, however, was used to a
hierarchical relationship based on loyalty and unswerving loyalty to the boss. The Belgian
managers and Korean staff were surprised by each other’s actions. They were experiencing
____________.
(A)
translation problems
(B)
differences in temporal orientation
(C)
culture shock
(D)
body language differences
25
Indonesia scores very high on the Hofstede measure of power distance. When an Indonesia
boss encourages his employees to contradict him and express their own ideas this
(A)
is explained by Indonesia’s low context culture
(B)
is explained by Indonesia’s collectivist culture
(C)
is an example of cultural paradox
(D)
would never happen
26
^___^ is defined as the entire heritage transmitted by word, literature, or any other form.
27
The United States is an example of a(n) ^___^ -trust society.
28
Cultures in which activities are addressed one at a time are known as ^___^ cultures.
29
^___^ is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members within a society accept
that power is distributed unevenly.
30
^___^ cultures are ones in which communication is explicit, and words tend to keep their
meaning in all situations.
31
In Italy, the United States, and Arab countries, speakers are allowed—and even expected—
to express emotions. For example, if a speaker is upset or excited, he or she is socially
allowed to speak louder and gesticulate. This is because these are ____________ cultures.
(A)
masculine
(B)
affective
(C)
feminine
(D)
neutral
32
Ward Sayre is at a bar in Spain with his Spanish business partner. Suddenly, Mark Smith,
Ward’s old college friend, taps him on the shoulder. The two old friends chat for a couple of
minutes about their college experiences at The University of Texas at Austin, home of the
Texas Longhorns. As Mark begins to leave, Ward holds up his hand, displaying the hand
gesture for the Texas Longhorns, and says “Hook ‘Em.” Ward’s Spanish client is confused,
and asks
(A)
body language
(B)
transcription
(C)
temporal orientation
(D)
All of the above
33
In Uruguay and Portugal, what is different is considered dangerous. This description
reveals that Uruguay and Portugal are ______ societies.
(A)
collectivist
(B)
high uncertainty avoidant
(C)
individualist
(D)
feminine
34
In Denmark, students tend to prepare résumés that underplay their achievements.
Interviewers know that they must ask probing questions to elicit an account of these
achievements in the interview. In the United States, students tend to construct their
résumés to broadcast all of their achievements. These descriptions reveal that Denmark is
a ________ society and the United States is a ________ society.
(A)
collectivist; individualist
(B)
low uncertainty avoidant; high uncertainty avoidant
(C)
feminine; masculine
(D)
High power distance; low power distance
35
In Austria, ambition, competitiveness, and high earnings are valued. This description
reveals that Austria is a _________ society.
(A)
collectivist
(B)
feminine
(C)
masculine
(D)
high uncertainty avoidant
36
In the Netherlands, public welfare is a major concern, and modesty and nurturing behavior
are valued. This description reveals that the Netherlands is a(n) _________ society.
(A)
individualist
(B)
feminine
(C)
masculine
(D)
high uncertainty avoidant
37
In the United States, all persons are addressed with the pronoun you. In Japan, a person
will use a different pronoun with a superior, a colleague, or a subordinate. There are
differences in ____________ between the United States and Japan.
(A)
culture change
(B)
femininity
(C)
temporal orientation
(D)
forms of address
38
In Scandinavian societies, communication is explicit and words tend to retain their
meaning in all situations, but in Latin American societies, communication is more implicit.
In Latin America, the meanings of words change depending on who is speaking to whom,
where that person is speaking, and under what circumstances he or she is speaking. This
description reveals that Scandinavian societies are __________ cultures, and Latin
American societies are ___________ cul
(A)
individualist; collectivist
(B)
high uncertainty avoidant; low uncertainty avoidant
(C)
feminine; masculine
(D)
Low context; high context
39
Ulf Christenson, who works for the World Bank, is sent to Tunisia to meet with members of
the Tunisian Textile Exporters’ Association. Ulf is surprised that the Tunisian textile
exporters spend a considerable amount of time at the beginning of the meeting chatting,
talking about where they grew up, where they went to school, and what people they know
in common. This behavior indicates that Tunisian society is a(n) ___________ culture.
(A)
individualist
(B)
low uncertainty avoidant
(C)
high context
(D)
low context
40
When an American executive says yes in a negotiation, this usually means “Yes, I accept
the terms.” In American culture, communication is explicit and words tend to retain their
meaning in all situations. This is because the United States is a __________ culture.
(A)
feminine
(B)
high power distance
(C)
high context
(D)
low context
Answer:
41
In ^___^ cultures, people express their emotions openly, and upset or excited speakers
are allowed to speak louder and gesticulate.
Answer:
affective
42
Hofstede’s measures
(A)
describe every individual in every society
(B)
are useful in identifying cultural differences
(C)
are absolute measures
(D)
are available for every society in every country
43
Mexico has a present-oriented culture, whereas Middle Eastern cultures are more past-
oriented.
(A)
True
Answer:
(B)
False
44
Nestlé is the world’s lagest producer of halal foods
(A)
True
(B)
False
45
The holy book of islam is the Koran
(A)
True
(B)
False
46
The U.S. educational system emphasizes analytic ability over knowledge acquisition.
(A)
True
(B)
False
47
Material culture is the aggregate of physical objects and technologies used by a socity.
(A)
True
(B)
False
48
A cultural observation that appears to contradict a commonly observed cultural
phenomenon is called a
(A)
contra-stereotype
(B)
cultural paradox
(C)
stereotype
(D)
a material difference
49
Culture can be defined as
(A)
the entire heritage of society transmitted by word, literature, or any other form
(B)
the traditions, morals, habits, and religion of a people
(C)
human behaviors encompassing social, linguistic, and family behavior
(D)
All of the above
50
In the United States, the largest sales occur in December because
(A)
it coincides with Christmas, the religion of the majority of Americans
(B)
it is the end of college football season
(C)
of no apparent reason
(D)
people get yearly bonuses in December
51
Islam is the major religion of several countries in
(A)
Asia
(B)
North America
(C)
South America
(D)
None of the above
52
Affective cultures express emotions openly, and persons from affective cultures can
unnerve persons from neutral cultures.
(A)
True
(B)
False
53
China, Korea, and Japan are examples of neutral cultures.
(A)
True
(B)
False
54
European companies give their employees few vacation days compared to the United
States.
(A)
True
(B)
False
55
In low-power-distance cultures, subordinates are less dependent on their bosses and more
comfortable approaching their bosses and contradicting them.
(A)
True
(B)
False
56
Individuals in collectivist societies are more dependent on and loyal to their groups.
(A)
True
(B)
False
57
The Hofstede’s scores are absolute values and capture the complete culture of all countries.
(A)
True
(B)
False
58
Cultural changes occur rapidly; a change in leadership of the country can significantly
change the culture of the country.
(A)
True
(B)
False
59
In high-context cultures, communication is explicit, and words tend to keep their meanings
in all situations.
(A)
True
(B)
False
60
Nonverbal communications or body languages are similar across all cultures.
(A)
True
(B)
False
61
In Korea, making eye contact is considered a sign of trustworthiness.
(A)
True
(B)
False
62
Under Islamic banking practices, Muslims prefer to invest in banks that
(A)
offer high interest rates on savings
(B)
offer low interest rates on savings
(C)
provide profit-loss accounts, allowing customers to invest their savings in businesses that
banks preselect
(D)
offer low interest rates on the loans to the poor
63
Which of the following is forbidden under Islam?
(A)
Pork
(B)
Alcohol
(C)
Beef
(D)
Both a and b
64
When operating in Muslim countries, U.S. fast-food chains respect local traditions by
(A)
closing all day Friday
(B)
certifying their products as halal
(C)
certifying their products as kosher
(D)
not using any beef products
65
A monochronic culture is one in which
(A)
a manager is expected to manage multiple tasks
(B)
schedules and agendas must bend to the needs of people
(C)
activities are addressed one at a time, and schedules and agendas are respected
(D)
all the people of a country have the same habits and preferences
66
Which of the following countries serve as an example of a polychronic culture?
(A)
Saudi Arabia
(B)
United States
(C)
Germany
(D)
All of the above
67
Brazil is an example of a(n)
(A)
polychronic society
(B)
triad country
(C)
Islamic country
(D)
halal society
68
Sales people from monochronic cultures who travel to polychronic cultures should expect
their customers to be
(A)
inscrutable
(B)
late for meetings
(C)
demure
(D)
always consulting their bosses
69
Mexico is an example of a __________ society.
(A)
present-oriented
(B)
future-oriented
(C)
feminine
(D)
None of the above
70
Power distance is defined as the
(A)
extent to which less powerful members of the society accept that power is distributed unevenly
(B)
ratio of power to distance
(C)
tendency of people to form in-groups and out-groups
(D)
level of assertiveness
71
Compared to Sweden, France is a
(A)
more neutral culture
(B)
common-law country
(C)
future-oriented country
(D)
high-power-distance society
72
In typical feminine societies, which virtue is predominant?
(A)
Acquisitiveness
(B)
Competitiveness
(C)
Education
(D)
Modesty
73
Large corporations in Korea hire fewer MBAs than their American counterparts because
(A)
they pay lower salaries
(B)
they prefer to train their managers in-house
(C)
they only place family members in top management positions
(D)
it is very difficult to fire managers in Korea
74
The development of large corporations in the United States can be attributed to the fact
that
(A)
it is a low-trust society
(B)
it is a high-trust society
(C)
the U.S. government helped these companies financially
(D)
there is a large number of wealthy extended families
75
The Japanese foods company, Ajinomoto, got into trouble in Indonesia because it
(A)
refused to close its factory on a Hindu holiday
(B)
used a pork-based enzyme in its halal seasoning products
(C)
bribed a government official to receive kosher certification
(D)
refused to hire family members of local managers
76
In respect to religious sensitivities, a McDonald’s in Delhi, India, does not serve
(A)
pork
(B)
beef
(C)
both a and b
(D)
any imported products
77
When marketing in India, the Korean car manufacturer, Hyundai, launches new cars
(A)
on auspicious days selected from the Hindu calendar
(B)
on the first day of the month
(C)
during the holy month of Ramadan
(D)
on New Year’s Day
78
Confucianism is
(A)
a major African religion
(B)
the major religion of India
(C)
the major religion of South Korea
(D)
not a religion
79
Which is not a major religious influence in Japan?
(A)
Buddhism
(B)
Confusicianism
(C)
Islam
(D)
Shinto
80
With a trend toward the dissolution of nuclear families in Western Europe, there has been
a(n)
(A)
increase in the demand for consumer durables
(B)
decrease in the demand for consumer durables
(C)
increase in demand for consumer nondurables
(D)
decrease in demand for imports
81
Extended families are less important in
(A)
high-power-distance societies
(B)
masculine societies
(C)
the United States
(D)
China
82
Ethnic Chinese account for about __________ percent of commerce and industry in
Indonesia.
(A)
10
(B)
50
(C)
85
(D)
There are no ethnic Chinese in Indonesia
83
People who are uncertainty-avoidant
(A)
are risk averse
(B)
defer to their bosses
(C)
are uncomfortable when busy
(D)
are anxious in general