60) In single-loop learning, a person changes his or her ________ as a result of experience
________.
A) beliefs; but not the behavior that expresses those beliefs
B) behavior; but not the beliefs that underlie the behavior
C) behavior; as well as the beliefs that underlie the behavior
D) beliefs; as well as the behavior that expresses those beliefs
61) In double-loop learning, a person changes his or her ________ as a result of experience
________.
A) beliefs; but not the behavior that expresses those beliefs
B) behavior; but not the beliefs that underlie the behavior
C) behavior; as well as the beliefs that underlie the behavior
D) beliefs; as well as the situation that challenged those beliefs
62) People who carry out double-loop learning are ________ to repeat problem behavior because
they have ________ the beliefs that underlie their behavior.
A) not likely; changed
B) not likely; not changed
C) likely; not changed
D) likely; changed
63) Paola is using a formal decision-making process to buy a new car. She has already identified
her problem as: Which car should she buy? Which of the following identifies criteria that Paola
might establish for her decision?
A) List all available models of cars currently on the market.
B) List characteristics such as price, reliability, and style.
C) Rank how important characteristics such as price, reliability, and style are to her.
D) Use data to rank such characteristics such as price, reliability, and style.
64) Brendan and Leo are looking to purchase their first home. Which of the following identifies
weighted decision criteria they might establish for this decision?
A) List house styles such as ranch, bungalow, and townhouse.
B) Make an unranked list of characteristics such as price, neighborhood, and lot size.
C) Rank the general importance of characteristics such as price, neighborhood, and lot size.
D) Use data to rank individual homes with respect to price, neighborhood, and lot size.
65) Sabrina needs to decide where to travel during her sabbatical. Sabrina is very methodical, so
she starts a database with a file for each city she’s dreamed of seeing, including Rome, Paris and
Ankara. This describes which step of the formal decision-making process?
A) listing alternatives
B) analyzing alternatives
C) listing decision criteria
D) listing weighted decision criteria
66) Chantal is facing one of the most important decisions of her life–finding a wedding planner!
When she interviews and evaluates proposals from different planners, Chantal is ________.
A) identifying problems
B) analyzing decision criteria
C) choosing an alternative
D) analyzing alternatives
67) Jose has spent the last three weekends test-driving new cars. At which stage of the decision-
making process will Jose actually buy his car?
A) when he finally identifies the problem
B) when he identifies reasonable criteria
C) when he implements a specific alternative
D) when he analyzes his alternatives
68) Cole has been directed by upper management to lay off five of his team members. Each
employee has merits, and he has worked with them for many years. At which stage of the
decision-making process will Cole’s emotions and intuition most likely play an important role?
A) establishing decision criteria
B) analyzing alternatives
C) allocating weights to decision criteria
D) evaluating the decision
69) Marta is pregnant and has gone through a methodical process to find an OB/GYN. Once she
selects a doctor, why does Marta need to carry out the final step in the decision-making process?
A) to see if she successfully solved her problem
B) to see if there are other alternatives
C) to see if she selected the best doctor
D) to avoid having emotions affect her decision
70) Martin wrote a screenplay and wants to pitch it to production companies. The Hollywood
Creative Directory lists over 400 companies. Martin wants to find the best targets for his script,
but he doesn’t have time to research that many companies. What will likely affect his decision-
making process?
A) the 80/20 rule
B) bounded rationality
C) recognition of assumptions
D) anchoring bias
71) Jennifer has identified ten things she needs in a vacation spot. She winnows her list down to
the four most important issues: price, climate, outdoor activities, and food. What does this short
list represent?
A) a list of alternatives
B) a list of decision criteria
C) a weighted list of decision criteria
D) a weighted list of alternatives
72) Sarah and Yuri are getting married and have tasted ten different wedding cakes. All of them
are great, but they can’t seem to agree on a final selection. With so many other things to focus on,
they decide to go with the mid-priced cake and move on. Sarah and Yuri are ________.
A) being intuitive
B) satisficing
C) letting their emotions take over
D) being purely rational
73) Nan wants to take her newly adopted son on his first real summer vacation. Nan considered a
camping trip, going to a big theme park, and even a cruise, but she decided to rent a cottage on
Cape Cod because her parents took her there when she was little. Which sentence best describes
Nan’s decision making?
A) She is relying on intuition.
B) She is relying on emotion.
C) She is being purely rational.
D) She is being purely irrational.
74) Teresa has been researching a number of colleges. After seeing a TV profile of students at
Humboldt State, she decided to apply there because they seemed like “her kind of people.”
Which sentence best describes her decision making?
A) She is relying on intuition.
B) She is relying on analysis.
C) She is being purely rational.
D) She is being logical.
75) Many of Efraim’s friends are applying to an experimental college in upstate New York. The
program sounds interesting, but he heard from someone that the school’s sustainability reports
were rejected two years running. So that school is off his list. What is impacting Efraim’s
decision making?
A) analyzed intuition
B) the devil effect
C) rationality
D) the halo effect
76) Which statement is accurate about decision making?
A) Decision making is a purely rational process.
B) Decision making is not a purely rational process.
C) Decision making is a purely emotional process.
D) Decision making is not an emotional process.
77) You meet a dog named Sam. How are you likely to store this information in your brain?
A) in an existing “ordinary dog name” schema that includes other dogs that you know: Rover,
Barky, and Lucy
B) in a new “dog name” schema created especially for Sam, while retaining any other existing
“dog name” schemas
C) in a “name” schema that includes other individuals that you know: Bill, Nancy, and so on
D) after deleting any “ordinary dog name” schema that you already have, in a new “ordinary dog
name” schema for Sam
78) You meet a dog named Kitty. How would a person most likely store this information in the
brain?
A) in an existing “ordinary dog name” schema that includes other ordinary dogs that you already
know: Rover, Barky, and Fido
B) in an existing “cat name” schema that includes other cats that you know: Goldie, Sneaky, and
Snoozy
C) in a completely new “unusual dog name” schema that includes dogs with names that sound
like names for cats
D) in a completely new “unusual cat name” schema that includes cats with names that sound like
names for dogs
79) Which of the following statements about stereotypes is NOT true?
A) They are often negative.
B) They reduce cognitive processing.
C) They are usually obvious.
D) They are resistant to change.
80) Which of the following is NOT a lesson that the 80/20 rule teaches?
A) A small number of people can make a big difference in the outcome of events.
B) A large number of people can make a small difference in the outcome of events.
C) A small number of people can make a small difference in the outcome of events.
D) Pay attention to the people in your organization that make a difference.
81) Which example uses deduction to draw a specific conclusion?
A) This triangle has three sides; therefore, all triangles have three sides.
B) This figure has three sides; therefore, all figures are triangles.
C) All triangles have three sides; therefore, this three-sided figure is a triangle.
D) All figures do not have three sides; therefore, this triangle is not a figure.
82) Your tennis coach says that you have fallen into the “anchoring” thinking trap. Which of the
following statements best describes you?
A) Your serve has been way off for months, but you are reluctant to modify your service motion
even though it is likely to help.
B) Your one-handed backhand has a fundamental flaw. Rather than work on a two-handed
backhand, you decide to improve on your existing shot.
C) If you hit a really bad shot, you tend to dwell on it rather than forgetting about it and moving
on.
D) If an opponent hits a few lucky shots in the beginning of the match, you stop going to the net
even though it is your best strategy.
83) As CEO of a book store chain, Stuart led his company through a national expansion in the
1990s. As e-commerce expanded in the 2000s, followed by the growth of e-readers, Stuart
continued expansion plans based on the chain’s original model. In 2012, the company folded.
What was Stuart’s mistake?
A) anchoring bias
B) estimating and forecasting bias
C) sunk cost bias
D) framing bias
84) Most people end up “satisficing” when they make an important decision. Which of the
following is NOT a good explanation for this situation?
A) People are lazy and don’t want to analyze their choices in a systematic way.
B) People are emotional, which frequently causes them to choose a less-than-optimal solution to
a problem.
C) For most problems, people lack complete information and enough time to properly analyze
the situation.
D) People are often too analytical in their approach to decision making.
85) At a staff party, a colleague tells you that decision making is “strictly a rational process.”
Explain how you would respond to this person.
86) What is the difference between accommodation and assimilation?
87) Why is assimilation considered harmful in some situations?
88) Your boss tells you that stereotyping is not a bad thing, and that it’s just a shortcut that
employs common sense. How do you respond?
89) You are the marketing manager for a software company. Focus group data for a new tutoring
product, Math Freak, shows that 15 percent of users showed a 50 point or higher improvement in
their test scores. Another 36 percent showed a small increase. The other 49 percent had no score
change, or actually had their score drop. Your job is to maximize the sales of Math Freak. Which
critical thinking skill will you draw upon?
90) What do you think is the most important step in the decision-making process? Explain your
position.
91) In Star Trek, Spock is said to be a “perfectly rational being.” Explain why even Spock is
often unable to make a perfectly rational decision when the starship is threatened by aliens.
92) Your boss is giving a speech on decision making and would like some scientific evidence
about using intuition. Is intuitive decision making reliable? Explain.
93) In your presentation at the last quarterly meeting, you were accused of falling into the
“confirming evidence” thinking trap. Describe how you can correct your position in the
upcoming meeting.
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94) Officials for the Motion Picture Academy’s Oscar Awards are asking members to make more
rational decisions and eliminate all emotion and biases when voting. What is your response to
this request?