CHAPTER 23: CONCLUSION
TRUE/FALSE
1. The same statistical techniques apply whether the data is interval, nominal, or ordinal.
2. The source of statistical inference is the sampling distribution.
3. The validity of any statistical outcome depends on the validity of its sample.
4. Statistical inferences are facts and are not based on probability.
5. In hypothesis testing, you start out assuming the null hypothesis is false.
6. If the difference between the null hypothesis and your test statistic is very large, you reject the null
hypothesis.
7. If the probability of making a Type II error decreases, the probability of making a Type I error
increases.
8. A procedure with a very small probability of a Type I error will also have a very small probability of a
Type II error.
9. A larger sample increases the confidence level of a confidence interval.
10. We can use analysis of variance (ANOVA) in place of the t-test when comparing two population
means.
11. The Student-t and the F-distributions have no relationship to each other.
12. We can use regression analysis with indicator variables in place of analysis of variance (ANOVA).
13. The techniques used to analyze nominal data involve a ranking procedure.
14. The techniques used to analyze ordinal data involve a ranking procedure.
15. The standard normal distribution and the Chi-squared distribution are related to each other.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. If you use information about a sample to draw a conclusion about a population, you are doing:
a.
Inferential parameters
c.
Inferential statistics
b.
Descriptive statistics
d.
The wrong kind of statistics
2. Which of the following is NOT a type of data?
a.
Parameter data
c.
Ordinal data
b.
Nominal data
d.
Interval data
3. Which type of data involves real numbers?
a.
Nominal data
c.
Ordinal data
b.
Interval data
d.
None of these choices.
4. Which type of data involves categories?
a.
Interval data
c.
Nominal data
b.
Ordinal data
d.
None of these
5. Which type of data involves ratings?
a.
Interval data
c.
Nominal data
b.
Ordinal data
d.
None of these
6. Which of the following is an example of interval data?
a.
The weight of a newborn baby.
b.
The gender of a baby.
c.
Whether or not a baby weighs more than 10 pounds.
d.
Your order of preference of three baby names.
7. Which of the following statements is true?
a.
Descriptive techniques summarize information from samples.
b.
Inferential techniques allow us to make estimates about a population.
c.
Inferential techniques allow us to draw conclusions about a population.
d.
All of these statements are true.
8. Which of the following is an example of nominal data?
a.
The gender of a baby.
b.
The weight of a newborn baby.
c.
The number of other babies born on the same day.
d.
Your order of preference of three baby names.
9. Which of the following is an example of ordinal data?
a.
The weight of a newborn baby.
b.
The gender of a baby.
c.
The number of siblings a baby has.
d.
Your order of preference of three baby names.
10. How do the requirements of nonparametric and parametric techniques compare?
a.
Nonparametric techniques have more restrictions than parametric techniques.
b.
Nonparametric techniques have fewer restrictions than parametric techniques.
c.
Both types of techniques have the same requirements.
d.
There are no requirements for parametric or nonparametric techniques.
11. If your hypothesis test has a very small probability for a Type I error, how does this affect the
probability of a Type II error?
a.
It will increase.
b.
It will decrease.
c.
It will be the same as for a Type I error.
d.
No way of knowing without more information.
12. The sampling distributions that are used for interval data are the Student-t and the:
a.
Chi-squared distribution.
c.
Discrete distribution.
b.
Binomial distribution.
d.
F-distribution.
13. The sampling distributions that are used for nominal data are the standard normal distribution and the:
a.
Chi-squared distribution.
c.
F-distribution.
b.
Binomial distribution.
d.
Interval distribution.
14. Which of the following data collection methods is more likely to lead to a definitive conclusion?
a.
Data collected through observation.
b.
Data collected through an experiment.
c.
Data collected through the use of volunteers.
d.
Data collected through a survey.
COMPLETION
1. ____________________ techniques allow us to make estimates and draw conclusions about
populations from samples.
2. There are three types of data: ____________________; ____________________; and
____________________.
3. If the difference between our test statistic and the null hypothesis is large, we reject the
____________________ hypothesis.
4. The standard that we use to decide whether or not to reject a null hypothesis is the probability of a(n)
____________________.
5. In any hypothesis test there are two possible errors, called ____________________ and
____________________.
6. Formulas for confidence intervals and test statistics all come from ____________________
distributions.
7. We can improve the exactitude of a confidence interval estimator by increasing the
____________________.
8. We can decrease the probability of a Type II error by increasing the ____________________.
9. The width of a confidence interval ____________________ when more data is collected.
10. In analyzing interval data, we attempt to explain as much of the ____________________ as possible.
11. The techniques used on ordinal data are based on ranking procedures. We call these
____________________ techniques.
12. To ensure the validity of a statistical technique, we must first check the required
____________________.
13. We often use a(n) ____________________ technique to analyze data when the conditions for a(n)
____________________ technique are not satisfied.
14. Two ways in which we can obtain data are through ____________________ or
____________________.
SHORT ANSWER
1. Describe a plan for estimating the average GPA at your university by using inferential statistics.
Include which statistical technique you plan to use to draw your conclusions.
2. One prevailing idea amongst statisticians is the idea of “Garbage in / garbage out.” Explain the
meaning of this phrase and give an example of it.