Chapter 2—Traditional and Contemporary Issues and Challenges
Key
1. Theory is abstract and of no practical use in today’s environment.
2. Theory and history are important only to top managers today.
3. History is simply a conceptual framework for organizing knowledge and providing a blueprint for action.
4. Understanding the historical context of management provides a sense of heritage and can help managers
avoid the mistakes of others.
5. Classical management consists of two distinct branches: behavioral management and human resource
movement.
6. Companies (such as Coca-Cola, Ford, and GE) maintain significant libraries on their corporate histories that
show a sense of heritage and pride.
7. Iron Mountain’s use of time and motion studies to improve its workers’ output is an example of the use of
management techniques derived from behavioral management.
8. Scientific management is conceptual and easily adapted to top-level management.
9. Administrative management focuses on the jobs of individual office assistants.
10. Janice is very concerned with worker morale, and she frequently surveys employees to determine their level
of job satisfaction. She feels that people really want to work, to take more responsibility, and to make a
contribution. Her approach reflects application of Theory Y.
11. According to Barnard’s theory about managerial authority, managers ultimately get their authority from the
title for their position.
12. The Hawthorne studies showed that piece-rate pay was an effective way of increasing work output.
13. The fundamental premise of administrative management is that the social aspects of the workplace are more
important to increasing worker productivity than economic incentives.
14. According to McGregor, Theory Y managers engage in optimistic managerial thinking.
15. When compared to management science, operations management is focused more on applications.
16. Scientific management focuses specifically on the development of scientific models.
17. In its current stage of development, quantitative management is able to accurately model even such complex
processes as human behavior.
18. A closed system actively interacts with its environment.
19. Open systems thinking tends to develop synergy in organizations.
20. Google bought Motorola in the belief that the two companies would enhance each other’s performance.
Google apparently expected some entropy from the purchase.
21. The approaches to management that try to find the one best way to solve a management problem are called
contingency approaches.
22. According to contingency theory, management is more art than science.
23. Enhancing quality lowers costs.
24. To succeed, managers must monitor their environment and change to keep pace with it.
25. Improving quality tends to decrease productivity.
26. Transportation is an example of a service industry.
27. Which of the following statements relative to the theory and practice of management is TRUE?
28. Which of the following statements most correctly describes the early practice of management?
29. Which of the following historical books did not influence management?
30. Robert Owen (1771-1858), a British industrialist, recognized the importance of the human aspect of
production. Owen believed workers deserved all EXCEPT which of the following?
31. Charles Babbage emphasized the application of mathematics to production problems. Thus, his work was a
forerunner of
32. ____ management focuses on the work of individuals.
33. Scientific management evolved at the dawn of the twentieth century because
34. When Subway employees make a pulled pork sandwich they spread the pork from premeasured cardboard
containers. This improves speed and consistency. Subway is applying the principles of
35. At Toyota, each task that operating employees and machines perform is carefully studied to promote
maximum productivity. In some cases, tasks are studied using time and motion studies to standardize work
methods. What management approach is Toyota using?
36. One of the most common complaints that visitors to emergency rooms have is the long wait, yet they see
staff sitting, doing nothing. Which of the following management approaches can hospitals use to focus on
improving efficiency?
37. Rolf is in the business of making crowns, bridges, and dentures that dentists use to repair teeth. It is a highly
competitive business, and Rolf has decided that to improve his business he needs to improve the efficiency with
which he produces the dental work. Which of the following management approaches would be of most help to
Rolf in pursuing this goal?
38. Plummer Construction has three employees. Bob the owner does design, ordering, and customer interface.
Paul and Bobby do demolition and construction with Paul specializing in the detailed trim work and Bobby
responsible for clean up. With which of the following management approaches do their actions most agree?
39. Who among the following was NOT associated with scientific management?
40. A manager who wants to use the principles of scientific management will
41. Life guards at Water Works pool also teach swim lessons. If they need to miss a lesson they do not get paid,
instead the substitute instructor gets the money. This is a form of
42. The use of a Gantt chart to schedule workers’ duties, breaks, and lunches at a day-care center is an
application of one of the principles associated with
43. Which of the following is NOT a technique Frederick Taylor used to enhance worker productivity?
44. The plant manager for an electronics manufacturer is often heard saying that the way to motivate workers is
to provide them with attractive wage and benefit packages. What school of thought does his view reflect?
45. Chester Barnard, former president of New Jersey Bell Telephone Company, made notable contributions to
management regarding
46. Paul and Bobby want to start a construction company. After being in business a few months, Paul and Bob
guess that the most efficient way to demolition walls is for Paul to break them up and tear them off and for
Bobby to haul away the debris. Which of the following management theorists would be most helpful to these
entrepreneurs?
47. Henri Fayol, a French industrialist, was the first to identify all EXCEPT which of the following managerial
functions?
48. Which of these management pioneers developed a chart for scheduling work over a span of time?
49. A Gantt chart is a
50. ____ focuses on the management of the entire firm as opposed to the jobs of individual workers.
51. All of the following were primary contributors to administrative management EXCEPT
52. Contributions of the classical perspective include all of the following EXCEPT
53. Limitations of the classical perspective include all of the following EXCEPT
54. Contemporary organization theory has its roots in
55. Barnard’s theory on the acceptance of managerial authority states that
56. A law firm actually billed the mother of an employee who died almost $20,000 for work that was required
to settle the son’s pending cases. The organization considers itself to be more important than the individual. This
example deals with one of the drawbacks to the use of the ____ perspective of management.
57. Which of the following statements about the classical perspective of management is FALSE?
58. Industrial psychology is the practice of applying
59. Elton Mayo conducted experiments at Western Electric’s Hawthorne plant from 1927-1932. He discovered
that
60. Which of the following statements characterizes the thinking that emerged from the Hawthorne studies?
61. Which of the following statements about the Hawthorne studies is FALSE?
62. All of the following were primary contributors to the behavioral management perspective EXCEPT
63. Which of the following statements BEST describes the human relations view of management?
64. When Pregna was a student she liked school, worked hard, and experienced success. As a high school
teacher she assumed her students would feel the same way. A student observed that Pregna acted like a Theory
Y manager. That would mean that Pregna
65. Howard Weaver manages MacLean Insurance Agency. An employee observed that Weaver acted like a
Theory X manager. That would mean that Weaver believes
66. Nipurna is a high school guidance counselor. Nipurna is well liked by the staff and students whom she
supervises. She recognizes that they have excellent problem-solving skills and are committed to excellence. She
lets the people she supervises assume as much responsibility as they are capable of handling. It would appear
that she
67. Theory X managers believe workers are
68. Topics in the field of organizational behavior include all EXCEPT which of the following?
69. Dr. White is one of two emergency room physicians in charge of the staff. As a supervisor, she believes that
her subordinates are valuable resources and focuses her attention on the interpersonal processes such as group
dynamics that occur in the emergency room. Her views are consistent with the ____ management perspective.
70. Contributions of the behavioral management perspective include all of the following EXCEPT
71. When a manufacturing plant uses mathematical models to plan production schedules and to schedule
equipment maintenance, it is drawing on
72. The Army uses aircraft simulators to train helicopter pilots, which decreases fuel consumption, helicopter
maintenance, storage requirement, and air traffic control congestion. It also improves safety. This is an example
of
73. Operations management is concerned with
74. ____ management techniques do not account for individual behaviors and attitudes.
75. Which school of management thought would be most useful to a restaurant with pizza delivery that wanted
to determine the most efficient routes for each of its drivers to follow?
76. What are the two branches of quantitative management?