51. One of your fellow students is continually late to class. The professor has tried numerous verbal
warnings and recently took points away from the student’s grade. Based on the above, the professor’s
actions are consistent with which of the following reinforcement techniques?
a.
Negative reinforcement
b.
Punishment
c.
Positive reinforcement
d.
Avoidance learning
e.
Rewards enhancement
52. Jeff and Rob have a difficult time getting along at work. Most days, Jeff spends a lot of time cracking
jokes and goofing off, while Rob constantly nags him and tells him to act like a grownup. On days
when Jeff is more reserved, Rob does not nag him, hoping that this will result in improved behavior
down the road. This is an example of which form of behavior modification?
a.
Empowerment
b.
Extinction
c.
Punishment
d.
Avoidance learning
e.
Positive reinforcement
53. Which of these refers to the withdrawal of a positive reward, meaning that behavior is no longer
reinforced and hence is less likely to occur in the future?
a.
Avoidance learning
b.
Punishment
c.
Positive reinforcement
d.
Extinction
e.
None of these
54. One of your fellow team members at work is continually disrupting the team’s work with jokes and
general horseplay. You hope that by ignoring him he will stop this senseless behavior. You are
attempting to use which reinforcement tool?
a.
Extinction
b.
Positive reinforcement
c.
Negative reinforcement
d.
Avoidance learning
e.
Desired behavior is reinforced annually
55. Which theory proposes that an individual’s motivation can result not just from direct experience of
rewards and punishments but also from the person’s thoughts and beliefs and his or her observations of
other people’s behavior?
a.
Reinforcement theory
b.
Hierarchy of needs theory
c.
ERG theory
d.
Experiential learning theory
e.
Social learning theory
56. _____ occurs when an individual sees others perform certain behaviors and get rewarded for them.
a.
Vicarious learning
b.
Self-efficacy
c.
Self-reinforcement
d.
Delegation
e.
Experiential learning
57. At Rightway Industries, new hires spend a significant portion of their first week of training just
walking around the factory, observing other workers and watching them get rewarded for doing their
jobs well. This is an example of:
a.
vicarious learning.
b.
self-efficacy.
c.
self-reinforcement.
d.
delegation.
e.
experiential learning.
58. Which of the following is the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for
improving productivity and satisfaction?
a.
Job design
b.
Job enlargement
c.
Job simplification
d.
Job characteristics
e.
Job enrichment
59. Larry is looking for ways to increase the number of different tasks that an employee performs without
increasing task complexity. He should try:
a.
job simplification.
b.
job enlargement.
c.
job rotation.
d.
job enrichment.
e.
job lay-off.
60. _____ systematically moves employees from one job to another, thereby increasing the number of
different tasks an employee performs without increasing the complexity of any one job.
a.
Job simplification
b.
Job rotation
c.
Job enlargement
d.
Job enrichment
e.
None of these
61. Which of these combines a number of tasks horizontally into one, new broader job?
a.
Job simplification
b.
Job rotation
c.
Job enrichment
d.
All of these
e.
None of these
62. Which of the following combines a series of tasks into one new, broader job?
a.
Job simplification
b.
Job enlargement
c.
Job rotation
d.
Job characteristics
e.
Job lay-off
63. A job design that incorporates achievement, recognition, and other high-level motivators into the work
is referred to as:
a.
job simplification.
b.
job rotation.
c.
job enlargement.
d.
job enrichment.
e.
none of these.
64. Karen is a first line supervisor at Wolfs, Inc. She wishes to increase her employee’s opportunities for
growth and learning. Which of the following techniques should she use?
a.
Job enlargement
b.
Job enrichment
c.
Job rotation
d.
Positive reinforcement
e.
Continuous
65. _____ is an important part of the job characteristics model.
a.
Critical psychological states
b.
A hierarchy of needs
c.
Schedules of reinforcement
d.
All of these
e.
None of these
66. The core dimension of Hackman and Oldham’s model of job characteristics that is based on the
number of diverse activities that make up a job is known as:
a.
autonomy.
b.
job enlargement.
c.
skill variety.
d.
task identity.
e.
feedback.
67. Which of the following refers to the degree to which an employee performs a total job with a
recognizable beginning and ending?
a.
Task complexity
b.
Task identity
c.
Task significance
d.
Task structure
e.
None of these
68. The degree to which the job is perceived as important and having impact on the company or customers
is referred to as:
a.
task complexity.
b.
task identity.
c.
task significance.
d.
task structure.
e.
task simplification.
69. _____ influences the critical psychological state of experienced meaningfulness of work.
a.
Skill variety
b.
Task significance
c.
Task identity
d.
All of these
e.
Task significance and task identity only
70. Daisy tried to apply the job characteristics model to her workforce, but it only worked for some of her
employees. Which of the following may be a reason why it did not work for everyone?
a.
Some of her employees are lazy.
b.
Some of her employees are low in growth-need strength.
c.
Some of her employees have a low need for power.
d.
All of her employees have high growth-needs.
e.
Some of her employees have low affiliation needs.
71. _____ is the extent to which doing the job provides information back to the employee about his or her
performance.
a.
Feedback
b.
Assessment
c.
Evaluation
d.
Satisfaction
e.
Fulfillment
72. The job characteristic of feedback provides the worker with:
a.
employee growth-need strength.
b.
experienced meaningfulness of work.
c.
experienced responsibility.
d.
knowledge of actual results.
e.
demotivation.
73. The delegation of power and authority to subordinates is referred to as:
a.
need for power.
b.
need for achievement.
c.
empowerment.
d.
passing the buck.
e.
need of affiliation.
74. Empowering employees means giving employees _____.
a.
information
b.
knowledge
c.
power
d.
rewards
e.
all of these
75. Ricky is a manager at InfoServices, where she rewards the top sales employee every month by giving
him or her a high-definition TV or PC. This is an example of what employee motivation program?
a.
Pay for performance
b.
Lifestyle award
c.
Employee stock ownership plan
d.
Flexible work schedule
e.
Team-based compensation
76. _____ is power sharing, or the delegation of power or authority to subordinates in an organization.
a.
Engagement
b.
Synergy
c.
Motivation
d.
Empowerment
e.
Leadership
77. _____ is a situation in which employees enjoy their work, contribute enthusiastically to meeting goals,
and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization.
a.
Commitment
b.
Engagement
c.
Employee loyalty
d.
Employee assurance
e.
Employee guarantee
78. Carla’s subordinates view her as a great manager. Not only does she get the job done, but she
organizes the workplace in such a way that employees experience a sense of meaningfulness,
connection, and growth. This is an example of employee:
a.
pay-for-performance.
b.
delegation.
c.
empathy.
d.
apathy.
e.
engagement.
CASE
Scenario – Donovan Zorn
Donovan Zorn was a successful manager for one of the subsidiaries at Eagles Unlimited. He was
responsible for 232 workers and had a span of control of eight lower level managers. Donovan has
decided to try to increase performance and productivity by the careful use of motivational theories.
1. The hygiene factors, or dissatifiers, that Donovan can influence include all of the following EXCEPT:
a.
salary and wages.
b.
supervision relationships.
c.
working conditions.
d.
company policies.
e.
all are hygiene factors.
2. Donovan understands that perceived inequity creates tensions within individuals that motivate them to
bring equity back into balance, and one of his production supervisors feels that she is underpaid.
Which of the following is not a common method for reducing perceived inequity?
a.
Change in his inputs to the organization
b.
Change his outcomes from the organization
c.
Distort his perception
d.
Leave the job for a new one
e.
All are common methods
3. The motivator factors, or satisfiers, that Donovan can change and influence include all of the following
EXCEPT:
a.
recognition.
b.
growth opportunities.
c.
achievement.
d.
salary.
e.
all are motivator factors.
4. One of Donovan’s best employees has a driving need to be able to attain a high standard of success, to
master complex tasks, and to surpass others. Donovan recognizes these acquired needs as defined as:
a.
the need for accomplishment.
b.
the need for power.
c.
the need for affiliation.
d.
the need for adaptation.
e.
none of these.
COMPLETION
1. _____ refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence
to pursue a certain course of action.
2. _____ rewards are given by another person, typically a manager, and include promotions and pay
increases.
3. The satisfaction received in the process of performing an action is also known as a(n) _____.
4. _____ theories emphasize the needs that motivate people.
5. A content theory that proposes that people are motivated by five categories of needs-physiological,
safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization-that exist in a hierarchical order is called the
_____ theory.
6. _____ are the most basic human physical needs, including food, water, and oxygen.
7. A modification of the needs hierarchy theory that proposes three categories of needs: existence,
relatedness, and growth is called the _____ theory.
8. The idea that failure to meet a high-order need may cause a regression to an already satisfied
lower-order need is referred to as a(n) _____.
9. Factors that involve the presence or absence of job dissatisfiers, such as working conditions or pay, are
known as _____.
10. _____ are high-level needs and include achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunity for
growth.
11. _____ theories explain how workers select behavioral actions to meet their needs and determine
whether their choices were successful.
12. _____ theory proposes that managers can increase motivation by setting specific, challenging goals
that are accepted as valid by subordinates, then helping people track their progress toward goal
achievement by providing timely feedback.
13. _____ theory focuses on an individual’s perceptions of how fairly he or she is treated relative to others.
14. A state of _____ exists whenever the ratio of one person’s outcomes to inputs equals the ratio of
another’s outcomes to inputs.
15. _____ theory suggests that motivation depends on individuals’ expectations about their ability to
perform tasks and receive desired rewards.
16. _____ involves whether putting effort into a task will lead to high performance.
17. _____ involves whether successful performance will lead to the desired outcome.
18. _____ is the value of outcomes, or attraction for outcomes, for the individual.
19. A motivation theory based on the relationship between a given behavior and its consequences is called
the _____.
20. _____ is the name given to the set of techniques by which reinforcement theory is used to modify
human behavior.
21. The assumption that positively reinforced behavior tends to be repeated is the basis for the _____.
22. _____ is defined as anything that causes a certain behavior to be repeated or inhibited.
23. _____ is the removal of an unpleasant consequence following a desired behavior.
24. _____ is the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for improving productivity
and satisfaction.
25. _____ systematically moves employees from one job to another, thereby increasing the number of
different tasks an employee performs without increasing the complexity of any one job.
26. _____ combines a series of tasks into one new, broader job.
27. _____ incorporates high-level motivators into the work, including job responsibility, recognition, and
opportunities for growth, learning, and achievement.
28. _____ is defined as the altering of jobs to increase both the quality of employees’ work experience and
their productivity.
29. _____ is the degree to which the worker has freedom, discretion, and self-determination in planning
and carrying out tasks.
30. The delegation of power and authority to subordinates is called _____.
SHORT ANSWER
1. List the four content theories discussed in your text.
2. List the three needs proposed by Clayton Alderfer.
3. List the four types of reinforcement.
4. List the five core job dimensions found in the job characteristics model.
1. Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic rewards.
2. Briefly describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory.
3. Compare the five groups of needs in Maslow’s theory with the three groups of needs in Alderfer’s ERG
theory.
4. In David McClelland’s acquired needs theory, what are the three acquired needs most commonly
discussed and which is(are) not dependent on relationships with other people?
5. Briefly explain expectancy theory.
6. Briefly describe social learning theory and its three elements.
7. Explain employee growth-need strength and its relationship to the job characteristics model.
8. Describe the four elements that enable employees to become empowered.
